Ina Alsina 1, Ieva Erdberga 1*, Mara Duma 2, Reinis Alksnis3 iyo Laila Dubova 1
1 Kulliyadda Beeraha, Machadka Cilmiga Ciidda iyo Dhirta, Jaamacadda Latvia ee Sayniska Nolosha iyo Teknolojiyada, Jelgava, Latvia,
2 Waaxda Chemistry, Kulliyadda Tignoolajiyada Cuntada, Jaamacadda Latvia ee Sayniska Nolosha iyo Teknolojiyada, Jelgava, Latvia,
3 Waaxda Xisaabta, Kulliyadda Tignoolajiyada Macluumaadka, Jaamacadda Latvia ee Sayniska Nolosha iyo Teknolojiyada, Jelgava, Latvia
HORDHAC
Marka la fahmo muhiimadda cunnada ee lagu hubinayo tayada iyo joogtaynta nolosha bini'aadamku way koraan, cadaadiska qaybta beeralayda oo ah cunsurka aasaasiga ah ee hubinta tayada cuntada ayaa sii kordhaya. Yaanyada, sida khudradda labaad ee ugu badan [sida laga soo xigtay Ururka Cuntada iyo Beeraha (FAO) ee tirakoobka 2019], waa qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah cunnada ku dhawaad waddan kasta.
Sahayda kalooriga ee xaddidan, maadada fiber-ka oo aad u sareysa, iyo joogitaanka walxaha macdanta, fiitamiinnada, iyo phenols, sida flavonoids, waxay ka dhigaan midhaha yaanyada "cunto shaqeyneysa" oo aad u wanaagsan oo bixisa faa'iidooyin nafsiyeed oo badan iyo shuruudaha nafaqada aasaasiga ah. (1). Walxaha biochemically firfircoon ee laga helo yaanyada, oo ay ugu wacan tahay awooddooda sare ee antioxidant, ayaa loo aqoonsan yahay ma aha oo kaliya hagaajinta guud ee caafimaadka, laakiin sidoo kale sida ikhtiyaarka daaweynta cudurrada kala duwan, sida sonkorowga, cudurrada wadnaha, iyo sunta (2-4). Miraha yaanyada bislaaday waxay ka kooban yihiin celcelis ahaan 3.0-8.88% walxo qalalan, taas oo ka kooban 25% fructose, 22% glucose, 1% sucrose, 9% citric acid, 4% malic acid, 8% macdanta, 8% borotiin, 7% pectin. , 6% cellulose, 4% hemicellulose, 2% lipids, iyo 4% soo hadhay waa amino acids, vitamins, xeryahooda phenolic, iyo pigments. (5, 6). Halabuurka xeryahooda way kala duwan yihiin iyadoo ku xiran genotype, xaaladaha sii kordhaya, iyo heerka horumarinta miraha. Dhirta yaanyada waxay aad ugu nugul yihiin xaaladaha deegaanka, sida xaaladaha iftiinka, heerkulka, iyo cadadka biyaha substrate-ka, taas oo keenta isbeddel ku yimaada dheef-shiid kiimikaadka dhirta, taas oo iyana saameynaysa tayada iyo isku dhafka kiimikada ee miraha. (7). Xaaladaha deegaanku waxay saameeyaan physiology-ga yaanyada iyo isku-dhafka dheef-shiid kiimikaadka sare labadaba. Dhirta lagu koray xaaladaha walaaca waxay ka falceliyaan iyagoo kordhinaya sifooyinka antioxidant-ka (8).
Asalka yaanyada sida nooc ka mid ah waxay ku xiran tahay gobolka Bartamaha Ameerika (9) iyo farsamooyinka, sida dhismaha aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo si ay u bixiyaan heerkulka lagama maarmaanka ah iyo iftiinka yaanyada, ayaa inta badan loo baahan yahay si ay u bixiyaan xaaladaha beeraha lagama maarmaanka ah, gaar ahaan aagga cimilada kulul iyo inta lagu jiro xilliga jiilaalka. Xaaladahan oo kale, iftiinka badanaa waa qodobka xaddidaya horumarinta yaanyada. Iftiinka dheeriga ah inta lagu jiro xilliga jiilaalka iyo horraanta gu'ga ayaa oggolaanaya soo saarista yaanyo tayo sare leh inta lagu jiro xilliga iftiinka qorraxda hooseeya
(10) . Isticmaalka nalalka leh mawjadaha dhaadheer ee kala duwan ma xaqiijin karaan oo kaliya dhalidda yaanyo ku filan, laakiin sidoo kale waxay beddelaan habka biochemical ee miro yaanyo. 60-kii sano ee la soo dhaafay, nalalka sodium-ka-cadaadiska sare leh (HPSLs) ayaa lagu isticmaalayey warshadaha aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo sababtoo ah cimrigoodii dheeraa ee ay shaqaynayeen iyo kharashaadkooda iibsiga oo yaraa.
(11) . Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sannadihii ugu dambeeyay, diodh-yada iftiinka-bixiya (LEDs) waxay noqdeen kuwo si isa soo taraya caan u noqday beddelka tamarta-badbaadinta. (12). LED-ka dheeriga ah ayaa loo isticmaalay sidii il iftiin oo hufan si loo daboolo baahida loo qabo soo saarista yaanyada. Maadada Lycopene iyo lutein ee ku jirta yaanyada waxay ahaayeen 18 iyo 142% ka sareeya markii ay la kulmeen nalka dheeriga ah ee LED. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, вMaadada carotene kama duwana daawaynta iftiinka (12). LED buluug iyo iftiin cas ayaa kordhay lycopene iyo в- content carotene (13), taasoo keentay bislaanshaha hore ee miraha yaanyada (14). Macnaha sonkorta milmay ee midhaha yaanyada bislaaday ayaa la dhimay wakhtiyo iftiin dheer oo casaan ah (FR). (15). Gabagabo isku mid ah ayaa lagu soo qaatay daraasadda Xie: iftiinka cas wuxuu keenaa ururinta lycopene, laakiin iftiinka FR wuxuu beddelaa saameyntan. (13). Waxaa jira macluumaad yar oo ku saabsan saamaynta iftiinka buluuga ah ee horumarinta miraha yaanyada, laakiin cilmi-baaristu waxay muujinaysaa in iftiinka buluuga ah uu saameyn yar ku leeyahay qadarka xeryahooda biochemical ee miro yaanyo, laakiin wax badan oo ku saabsan xasilloonida habka. Tusaale ahaan, Kong iyo kuwa kale waxay ogaadeen in nalka buluuga ah uu si fiican u isticmaalo si loo dheereeyo cimriga yaanyada, maadaama iftiinka buluuga ahi uu si weyn u kordhiyo adkeynta midhaha (16), taas oo macneheedu yahay in iftiinka buluuga ah uu hoos u dhigo habka bislaanshaha, taas oo keenta korodhka qadarka sonkorta iyo midabada. Isticmaalka daboolka aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo oo ah hab lagu nidaamiyo ka kooban iftiinka ayaa caddaynaya qaab la mid ah. Isticmaalka dahaarka leh gudbinta iftiinka buluugga ah ee casaanka sare iyo hoose wuxuu kordhiyaa maadada lycopene ilaa 25%. Marka lagu daro xilliga sawir-qaadista ayaa kordhay 11 ilaa 12 saacadood, qadarka lycopene wuxuu kordhay qiyaastii 70% (17). Had iyo jeer suurtagal maaha in daraasadaha si sax ah loo kala saaro saameynta arrimaha isbeddelka ee ka kooban kiimikada miraha yaanyada. Gaar ahaan, xaaladaha aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo, halabuurka miraha waxaa lagu kordhin karaa heerkul sare ama hoos u dhigidda heerarka biyaha. Intaa waxaa dheer, arrimahan ayaa laga yaabaa inay la xiriiraan genotypes gaar ah noocyada iyo heerka horumarinta (1, 18). Yaraanta biyaha ayaa laga yaabaa inay ka faa'iideysato tayada tamaandhada sababtoo ah heerarka korodhay ee wadarta adkaha milmay (sonkorta, amino acids, iyo acids organic), kuwaas oo ah xeryahooda waaweyn ee ku urursan miraha. Kor u kaca maaddooyinka adkaha ah waxay hagaajiyaan tayada miraha sababtoo ah waxay saameeyaan dhadhanka iyo dhadhanka (8).
Inkastoo la soo sheegay saamaynta iftiinka iftiinka ee ururinta dheef-shiid kiimikaadka dhirta, aqoonta ballaaran ee saameynta kala duwan ee horumarinta tayada yaanyada ayaa loo baahan yahay. Sidaa awgeed, ujeeddada daraasaddan ayaa ah in la qiimeeyo saamaynta iftiinka dheeraadka ah ee lagu isticmaalo aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee lagu ururiyo dheef-shiid kiimikaadka aasaasiga ah iyo kan sare ee noocyada yaanyada kala duwan. Isbeddellada ku jira nuxurka muuqaalka ee nidaamka iftiinka ayaa beddeli kara halabuurka dheef-shiid kiimikaadka aasaasiga ah iyo kan sare ee miraha yaanyada. Aqoonta la helay ayaa wanaajin doonta fahamka saameynta iftiinka ee xiriirka ka dhexeeya dhalidda iyo tayadiisa.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Qalabka dhirta iyo xaaladaha koritaanka Tijaabooyinka waxaa lagu sameeyay aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo (4 mm polycarbonate cell) ee Machadka Ciidda iyo Sayniska Dhirta, Jaamacadda Latvia ee Sayniska Nolosha iyo Teknolojiyada 56°39'N 23°43'E inta lagu jiro 2018/2019, 2019/2020, iyo 2020/2021 dabayaaqada deyrta-xilliyada gu'ga hore.
Yaanyo ganacsi ahaan meeshoodii (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivars "Bolzano F1" (midabka miro-orange), "Chocomate F1" (midabka miro-cas-brown), iyo midhaha cas "Diamont F1," "Encore F1," iyo " Strabena F1" ayaa la isticmaalay. Dhir kastaa waxay lahayd laba madax oo hormood ah, inta lagu jiro korriinka, waxaa lagu jeexjeexay nidaam silig sare ah. Dhirta la helay, marka hore, waxaa lagu beeray weel madow 5 L caag ah oo leh "Laflora" peat substrate KKS-2, pHKll 5.2-6.0, iyo cabbirka jajabka 0-20 mm, isku darka PG (NPK 15-1020) 1.2 kg m-3, Ca 1.78%, iyo mg 0.21%. Markii dhirtu gaadheen anthesis, waxaa lagu beeray 15 L weel caag madow ah oo leh substrate “Laflora” isku mid ah KKS-2. Dhirta waxaa lagu bacrimiyay hal mar todobaadkii iyadoo leh 1% xal Kristalon Green (NPK 18-18-18) oo leh Mg, S, iyo microelements inta lagu guda jiro wajiga daaqsinka ee koritaanka dhirta iyo Kristalon Red (NPK 12-12-36) oo leh microelements ama 1 % Ca(MAYA3)2 inta lagu jiro marxaladda taranka, oo ah saamiga 300 ml halkii L ee substratum.
Macnaha biyaha ku jira weelasha daaqsinka waxaa lagu ilaalinayay 50-80% awoodda biyaha oo dhan. Celceliska heerkulka maalintii/habeenkii wuxuu ahaa 20-22°C/17-18°C.
Heerkulka ugu badnaan maalintii (Maarso) kama dhaafin 32°C iyo heerkulka ugu yar (Noofambar) inta lagu jiro habeenkii ma ahayn <12°C. Heerkulka ayaa sidoo kale lagu cabbiray nalalka hoostooda masaafo 50, 100, iyo 150 cm u jirta iftiinka. Waxaa la ogaaday in hoos HPSL 50 cm u jirta luminaire, heerkulku ahaa 1.5°C ka sarreeya kuwa kale hoostooda. Kala duwanaanshaha heerkulka heerka miraha lama ogaan.
Xaaladaha iftiinka
Tamaandhada waxaa la beeray xilliyada dayrta-guga iyadoo la isticmaalayo iftiin dheeraad ah oo leh 16 saac oo sawir ah. Saddex ilo iftiin oo kala duwan ayaa la isticmaalay: Led cob Helle top LED 280 (LED), induction (IND) nalka, iyo HPSL Helle Magna (HPSL). Dhererka ugu sarreeya, dhirtu waxay heshay 200 ± 30 ^mol m-2 s-1 hoos LED iyo HPSL iyo 170 ± 30 ^mol m-2 s-1 hoostooda IND nalalka. Qaybinta iftiinka iftiinka ayaa lagu muujiyaySawirada 1,2. Xoogagga iftiinka iyo qaybinta muuqaalka waxaa lagu ogaaday mitirka iftiinka muraayadda gacanta ee gacanta lagu hayo ee MSC15 (Gigahertz Optik GmbH, Turkenfeld, Germany, UK).
Laambadihii la isticmaalay waxay ku kala duwan yihiin qaybintooda iftiinka iftiinka. Midka ugu la mid ah iftiinka qorraxda ee qaybta cas (625-700 nm) ee spectrum wuxuu ahaa HPSL. Laydhka IND ee qaybtan spectrum wuxuu siiyay 23.5% iftiin yar, laakiin LED wuxuu ku dhawaaday 2 jeer in ka badan. Iftiinka Orange (590-625 nm) ayaa inta badan sii daayay HPSL, iftiinka cagaaran (500-565 nm) waxaa sii daayay inta badan IND, iftiinka buluuga ah (450-485 nm) inta badan waxaa sii daayay LED, laakiin iftiin guduudan (380450 nm) ayaa ahaa. inta badan waxaa siidaaya nalka IND. Marka la isbarbar dhigo dhammaan iftiinka muuqda, isha iftiinka LED waa in loo tixgeliyaa inuu yahay kan ugu dhow iftiinka qoraxda iyo IND waa in loo tixgeliyaa inay tahay tan ugu habboon marka la eego aragtida.
Soo saarista iyo Go'aaminta Fitochemicals
Miraha yaanyada ayaa la goostay heerka bislaanshaha buuxa. Miraha waxaa la goosan jiray bishii hal mar laga bilaabo bartamihii Noofambar ilaa Maarso. Dhammaan miraha waa la tiriyey oo la miisaamay. Ugu yaraan, 5 nooc oo kala duwanaansho kasta ah (loogu talagalay cv “Strabena” -8-10 miraha) ayaa la muunadeeyay si loo baadho. Miraha yaanyada ayaa lagu rusheeyey saafi ah iyadoo la adeegsanayo blender gacanta. Halbeeg kasta oo la qiimeeyay, saddex jeer ayaa la falanqeeyay.
Go'aaminta Lycopene iyo в-Carotene
Si loo go'aamiyo fiirsashada lycopene iyo в-carotene, muunad ah 0.5 ± 0.001 g oo laga soo qaaday yaanyada saafiga ah ayaa lagu miisaamay tuubo iyo 10 mL oo tetrahydrofuran (THF) ayaa lagu daray (19). Tuubooyinka waa la xidhay waxaana lagu hayaa heerkulka qolka 15 daqiiqo, mararka qaarkoodna ruxruxaan, ugu dambayntiina 10 daqiiqo ayaa la saaray 5,000 rpm. Nuugista subagayaasha la helay waxaa lagu go'aamiyay spectrophotometrically iyadoo lagu cabbirayo nuugista 663, 645, 505, iyo 453 nm ka dibna lycopene iyo вmaadada carotene (100 ml;-1) waxaa loo xisaabiyay si waafaqsan isla'egta soo socota.
Clyc = -0.0458 x Абз + 0.204 x Аб45 + 0.372 x A505- 0.0806 x A453 (1)
Cbaabuur = 0.216 x A663 - 1.22 x A645 - 0.304 x A505+ 0.452 x A453 (2)
halka A663, A645, A505, iyo A453 - nuugista hirarka dhererka u dhigma (20).
lycopene iyo вfiirsashada carotene waxaa lagu muujiyey sida mg gF-M1 .
Go'aaminta wadarta phenols
Muunad ka mid ah 1 ± 0.001 g oo laga soo qaaday yaanyo shiidan ayaa lagu miisaamay tuubo qalin jabisay iyo 10 ml oo dareere ah (methanol/biyo la kariyey/hydrochloric acid 79:20:1) ayaa lagu daray. Tuubooyinka qalinjabinta waa la xidhay oo la ruxay 60 min at 20°C gudaha gudcurka ka dibna dhexda u gal 10 daqiiqo at 5,000 rpm. Isku-darka phenol-ka waxaa lagu go'aamiyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo habka Folin-Ciocalteu spectrophotometric (21) Wax ka beddel lagu sameeyay: Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (10-laab lagu qasi jiray biyo nadiif ah) ayaa lagu daray 0.5 ml oo ah soosaarkii iyo 3 daqiiqo ka dib ku dar 2 mL ofsodium carbonate (Na2CO3(75 gL-1). Muunadda ayaa la isku daray ka dib markii 2 saacadood lagu beeray heerkulka qolka mugdiga, nuugista 760 nm ayaa la qiyaasay. Feejignaanta wadarta xeryahooda phenolic waxaa lagu xisaabiyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo qalooca cabbirka waxaana la helay isla'egta 3, waxaana lagu muujiyay sida gallic acid oo u dhiganta (GAE) 100 g oo cufan yaanyo ah.
0.556 x (A760 + 0.09) x 100
Phe = 0.556 × (A760 + 0.09) × 100/m (3)
halkaas oo A760- nuugista dhererka hirarka u dhigma iyo m - tirada muunada.
Go'aaminta Flavonoids
Muunad 1 ± 0.001 g ah oo laga soo qaaday yaanyada saafiga ah ayaa lagu miisaamay tuubo qalin jabisay waxaana lagu daray 10 ml ethanol. Tuubooyinka qalinjabinta waa la xidhay oo la ruxay 60 min at 20oC gudaha gudcurka ka dibna dhexda u gal 10 daqiiqo at 5,000 rpm. Habka midabaynta (22) Waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu ogaado flavonoids oo leh isbeddello yaryar: 2 mL oo biyo ah iyo 0.15 mL oo ah 5% sodium nitrite (NaNO)2) xal ayaa lagu daray 0.5 mL oo ka soo baxay. 5 daqiiqo ka dib, 0.15-mL oo ah 10% xal aluminium chloride ah (AlCl3) ayaa lagu daray. Isku darka ayaa loo oggolaaday inay istaagto 5 daqiiqo oo kale waxaana lagu daray 1mL 1 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Muunada ayaa la isku daray ka dib 15 min heerkulka qolka, nuugista 415 nm ayaa la qiyaasay. Isku-darka flavonoid-ka waxaa lagu xisaabiyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo qalooca cabbirka iyo isla'egta 4 waxaana lagu muujiyay cadadka catechin u dhigma (CEs) 100 g oo miisaan yaanyo ah.
Fla = 0.444 × A415 × 100/m (4)
halkaas oo A415- nuugista dhererka hirarka iyo m - tirada muunada.
Go'aaminta Maaddada Qalalan iyo Qallafsanaanta Adag Maaddada qallalan waxaa lagu go'aamiyay in shaybaar lagu qalajiyo heerkulbeegga at60oC.
Wadarta guud ee ka kooban walxaha adkaha ah (oo lagu muujiyey sida â-|Brix) waxaa lagu cabiray refractometer (A.KRUSS Isha Dijital ah ee Gacan-qaadashada Refractometer Dr301-95) oo lagu cabiray 20oC oo leh biyo nadiif ah.
Go'aaminta Asiidhka Titratable (TA)
Muunad 2 ± 0.01 g ah oo laga soo qaaday yaanyada saafiga ah ayaa lagu miisaamay tuubo qalin jabisay waxaana lagu daray biyo la miiray ilaa 20 mL. Tuubooyinka qalinjabinta ayaa la xidhay oo la ruxay 60 daqiiqo heerkulka qolka ka dibna la xakameeyey 10 min at 5,000 rpm. 5 ml oo aliquots ah ayaa lagu titrated 0.1 M NaOH iyadoo ay jirto phenolphthalein.
TA = VNaOH × Vt/Vs × m (5)
halkaas oo VNaoH-mugga la isticmaalay 0.1 M NaOH, Vt-guud ahaan mugga (20 mL), iyo Vs-mugga la muuneeyay (5 mL).
Natiijooyinka waxaa lagu muujiyey sida mg of citric acid 100 g oo miisaan yaanyo cusub ah. 1 ml 0.1 M NaOH waxay u dhigantaa 6.4 mg citric acid.
Go'aaminta Tusmada Dhadhanka (TI)
TI waxaa lagu xisaabiyay iyadoo la isticmaalayo isla'egta 6 (23).
TI = ◦Brix/(20 × TA)+ TA (6)
Falanqaynta Warbixinta
Caadi ahaan iyo isku-mid ahaanshiyaha tirakoobka sharraxaadda ayaa lagu tijaabiyay 354 indho-indhayn. Tijaabada Shapiro-Wilk waxaa loo isticmaalay qiimeynta caadiga ah ee isku darka kala duwan iyo daaweynta iftiinka. Si loo qiyaaso isku midnimada kala duwanaanshaha, tijaabada Levene ayaa la sameeyay. Tijaabada Kruskal-Wallis waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu baaro faraqa u dhexeeya xaaladaha iftiinka. Markii la aqoonsaday kala duwanaanshiyaha muhiimka ah ee tirakoobka, baaritaanka Wilcoxon post-hoc oo leh hagaajinta Bonferroni ayaa loo adeegsaday isbarbardhigga lammaane ahaan. Heerka muhiimka ah ee lagu isticmaalo qoraalka, jaantusyada iyo garaafyada waa a = 5%, haddii aan si kale loo sheegin.
Natiijooyinka
Cabbirka miraha yaanyada iyo cabbiraadaha biochemical ee miraha ayaa ah cabbir hidde ahaan la go'aamiyay, laakiin xaaladaha beerashada ayaa saameyn weyn ku leh astaamahan. Miraha ugu waaweyn waxaa laga soo goostaa "Diamont" (88.3 ± 22.9 g) iyo midhaha ugu yar waxaa laga soo goostaa "Strabena" (13.0 ± 3.8g), kuwaas oo ah noocyo kala duwan oo yaanyo cherry ah. Baaxadda midhaha ka mid ah noocyada kala duwan ayaa sidoo kale kala duwanaa wakhtiga goosashada. Miraha ugu badan ayaa la goostay bilowgii wax soo saarka, waxaana yaraaday cabbirka yaanyada marka ay dhirtu korto. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa in la ogaadaa in korodhka saamiga iftiinka dabiiciga ah dhammaadka Maarso, cabbirka yaanyada wax yar ayaa kordhay.
Dhammaan saddexda sano, tamaandhada ugu sarreysa ayaa la goostay iyadoo la isticmaalayo HPSL iftiin dheeraad ah. Hoos-u-dhaca wax-soo-saarka ee hoos yimaada LED-yada wuxuu ahaa 16.0%, iyo hoos IND - 17.7% marka la barbar dhigo HPSL. Noocyo kala duwan oo yaanyo ah ayaa si kala duwan uga falceliyay iftiinka dheeriga ah. Korodhka wax-soo-saarka, in kasta oo xisaab ahaan aan qiimo lahayn, ayaa lagu arkay cv “Strabena”, “Chocomate” iyo “Diamont” ee hoosta LED-yada. Cv "Bolzano" LED ama IND midna iftiin dheeri ah kuma habboona, hoos u dhigista wadarta guud ee wax-soosaarka 25-31% ayaa la arkay.
Celcelis ahaan, miraha yaanyada waaweyn waxa ku jira walxo qallalan iyo maaddooyin adag oo milma, maaha kuwo aad u dhadhan fiican leh, waxaana ku jira carotenoids iyo phenols oo yar. Qodobka ugu yar ee ay saamayso cabbirka miraha waa waxa ku jira aashitada. Xidhiidh sare ayaa lagu arkay walxaha qalalan iyo maaddooyinka adag ee milmaya iyo TI (rn=195 > 0.9). Isku xidhka isku xidhka walxaha qalalan ama maaddooyinka adag ee milmaya iyo carotenoid (lycopene iyo carotene) iyo waxa ku jira phenol waxay u dhexeeyaan 0.7 iyo 0.8 (Jaantuska 3).
Tijaabooyinku waxay muujiyeen, in kasta oo kala duwanaanshaha cabbirrada la bartay ee u dhexeeya nalalka la isticmaalo ay mararka qaarkood waaweyn yihiin, haddana ay jiraan xaddidaadyo yar oo sidan ah oo si weyn isu beddeli doona saamaynta iftiinka iftiinka ee loo isticmaalo xilliga koritaanka oo dhan iyadoo la tixgelinayo noocyada kala duwan iyo saddex xilliyada sii kordhaya (Shaxda 1). Waxaa la sheegi karaa in tamaandhada dhammaan noocyada ka baxa HPSL ay leeyihiin walxo qallalan oo badan (Shaxda 1iyoJaantuska 5).
Miisaan Cusub, Qalalan, iyo Qalab Adag
Miisaanka iyo xajmiga miraha waxay si weyn ugu xiran yihiin xaaladaha sii kordhaya ee geedka. Inkasta oo ay jireen farqi u dhexeeya noocyada kala duwan, celceliska miraha yaanyada ee ku koraya nalalka induction ayaa 12% ka yar marka loo eego HPSL ama LED. Noocyo kala duwan ayaa u muuqda inay si ka duwan uga falcelinayaan iftiinka dheeriga ah ee LED. Miraha waaweyn waxaa lagu sameeyay LED-yada hoos yimaada "Chocomate" iyo "Diamont," laakiin miisaanka cusub ee "Bolzano" waa celcelis ahaan 72% oo kaliya miisaanka yaanyada ee hoos yimaada HPSL. Miraha "Encore" iyo "Strabena" oo ku koray LED iyo IND iftiin dheeri ah ayaa la mid ah miisaankooda waxayna 10 iyo 7% ka yar yihiin, siday u kala horreeyaan, tamaandhada lagu beeray HPSL. (Jaantuska 4).
Maaddada qallalan waa mid ka mid ah tilmaamayaasha tayada miraha. Waxay la xidhiidhaa maaddooyinka adag ee milmi kara waxayna saamaynaysaa dhadhanka yaanyada. Tijaabooyinkeena, maadada qalalan ee yaanyada way kala duwanaayeen inta u dhaxaysa 46 iyo 113 mg g-1. Maaddada ugu badan ee qalalan (celcelis ahaan 95 mg g-1) waxaa laga helay noocyada cherry "Strabena." Ka mid ah tamaandhada kale, walxaha qalalan ee ugu sarreeya (celcelis ahaan 66 mg g-1) waxaa laga helay "Chocomate" (Jaantuska 5).
Inta lagu jiro tijaabada, waxa ku jira asiidhka organic, oo lagu muujiyay sida citric acid (CA) oo u dhiganta yaanyada, celcelis ahaan 365 ilaa 640 mg 100 g-1 . Waxyaabaha ugu sarreeya ee aysiidhka dabiiciga ah waxaa laga helay yaanyada cherry cv “Strabena,” celcelis ahaan 596 ± 201 mg CA 100 g-1, laakiin waxa ku jira acid organic ugu hooseeya waxaa laga helay cv miraha jaalaha ah "Bolzano," celcelis ahaan 545 ± 145 mg CA 100 g-1. Waxa ku jira asiidh-dabiiciga ah aad ayey u kala duwanaayeen maaha oo kaliya inta u dhaxaysa noocyada, laakiin sidoo kale inta u dhaxaysa wakhtiyada muunada; si kastaba ha ahaatee, celcelis ahaan, maadada aashitada organic sare ayaa laga helay yaanyada lagu hoos beeray nalalka IND (oo ka sarreeya HPSL iyo LED 10.2%).
Celcelis ahaan, walxaha qalalan ee ugu sarreeya ayaa laga helay miraha lagu beeray HPSL. Hoosta laambadda IND, walxaha qalalan ee khudaarta yaanyada ayaa hoos u dhacay 4.7-16.1%, oo ka hooseeya LED-ka 9.9-18.2%. Noocyada loo isticmaalo tijaabooyinka ayaa si kala duwan ugu nugul iftiinka. Hoos u dhaca ugu yar ee walaxda qalalan ee xaaladaha iftiinka kala duwan ayaa lagu arkay cv "Strabena" (5.8% forIND iyo 11.1% forLED, siday u kala horreeyaan) iyo hoos u dhaca ugu weyn ee walxaha qalalan ee xaaladaha iftiinka kala duwan ayaa lagu arkay cv"Diamont"(16.1% iyo18.2) .XNUMX% siday u kala horreeyaan).
Celcelis ahaan, maaddooyinka adag ee milmay waxay ku kala duwanaayeen inta u dhaxaysa 3.8 iyo 10.2 â-|Brix Sidoo kale, walxaha qalalan, waxa ugu sarreeya ee adkaha ah ee milmi kara waxaa laga helay yaanyada cherry “Strabena” (celcelis ahaan 8.1 ± 1.0 â-|Brix). CV-ga yaanyada “Diamont” ayaa ahaa kan ugu macaan (celcelis ahaan 4.9 ± 0.4 â-|Brix).
Iftiinka dheeriga ah wuxuu si weyn u saameeyay maaddooyinka adkaha ah ee beerto tamaandhada "Bolzano," "Diamont," iyo "Encore." Marka la eego iftiinka LED-ka, waxa ku jira adkaha milmay ee noocyadan ayaa aad hoos ugu dhacay marka la barbardhigo HPSL. Saamaynta nalka IND wuu yaraa. Xaaladahan iftiinka, yaanyada koray ee cv "Bolzano" iyo "Strabena" waxay lahaayeen celcelis ahaan 4.7 iyo 4.3% sonkor ka badan marka loo eego HPSL koray. Nasiib darro, kororkaani ma ahan mid tirakoob ahaan muhiim ah (Jaantuska 6).
Tamaandhada TI way kala duwan tahay 0.97 ilaa 1.38. Midka ugu dhadhanka badan wuxuu ahaa yaanyada cv “Strabena,” celcelis ahaan TI wuxuu ahaa 1.32 ± 0.1 kan ugu dhadhanka yarna wuxuu ahaa yaanyada cv “Diamont,” celcelis ahaan TI wuxuu ahaa 1.01 ± 0.06. TI Sare waxay leedahay tamaandho yaanyo "Bolzano," celcelis ahaan TI (1.12 ± 0.06), oo ay ku xigto "Chocomate," celcelis ahaan TI (1.08 ± 0.06).
Celcelis ahaan, TI si weyn uma saameynayso isha iftiinka, marka laga reebo cv "Strabena," halkaasoo miraha hoos yimaada nalka IND.
SHAXDA 1AAD | P-qiimaha (Tijaabada Kruskal-Wallis) ee saamaynta nalalka dheeriga ah ee kala duwan ee tayada miraha yaanyada (n = 118).
dhimaya |
"Bolzano" |
"Chocomate" |
"Encore" |
"Diamont" |
"Strabena |
Miisaanka miraha |
0.013 * |
0.008 ** |
0.110 |
0.400 |
0.560 |
Arrin qalalan |
0.022 * |
0.013 * |
0.011 * |
0.001 ** |
0.015 * |
adkaha milmay |
0.027 * |
0.030 |
0.030 * |
0.001 ** |
0.270 |
Cayil |
0.078 |
0.022 |
0.160 |
0.001 ** |
0.230 |
Tusmada dhadhanka |
0.370 |
0.140 |
0.600 |
0.001 ** |
0.023 * |
Lycopene |
0.052 |
0.290 |
0.860 |
0.160 |
0.920 |
в-carotene |
<0.001 *** |
0.007 ** |
0.940 |
0.110 |
0.700 |
Phenols |
0.097 |
0.750 |
0.450 |
0.800 |
0.420 |
flavonoids |
0.430 |
0.035 * |
0.720 |
0.440 |
0.170 |
Heerarka muhiimka ah "**"0.001,"**"0.01, iyo"*"0.05. |
|
korodhka TI marka la barbar dhigo HPSL 7.4% (LED by 4.2%) marka la barbardhigo HPSL iyo cv "Diamont" ee hoos yimaada labadaba xaaladaha iftiinka ee hore loo sheegay ayaa hoos u dhacay 5.3 iyo 8.4%, siday u kala horreeyaan, ayaa la ogaaday.
Waxyaabaha ay ka kooban tahay Carotenoids
Maaddada Lycopene ee yaanyada waxay ku kala duwan tahay 0.07 (cv "Bolzano") ilaa 7 mg 100 g.-1 FM ("Strabena"). Waxoogaa ka sarreeya lycopene marka la barbardhigo "Diamont" (4.40 ± 1.35 mg 100 g-1 FM) iyo "Encore" (4.23 ± 1.33 mg 100 g-1 FM) waxaa laga helay midho midab casaan ah oo bunni ah oo ah "Chocomate" (4.74 ± 1.48 mg 100 g-1 FM).
Celcelis ahaan, miraha dhirta lagu koray ee hoostooda IND waxay ka kooban yihiin 17.9% lycopene ka badan marka loo eego HPSL. Iftiinka LED wuxuu sidoo kale kor u qaaday isku-dhafka lycopene, laakiin ilaa xad ka yar, celcelis ahaan 6.5%. Saamaynta ilaha iftiinka way kala duwanaatay iyadoo ku xidhan cultivar. Farqiga ugu weyn ee biosynthesis ee lycopene ayaa lagu arkay "Chocomate." Korodhka maadada lycopene ee hoos timaada IND marka la barbar dhigo HPSL waxay ahayd 27.2% iyo ka hooseeya LED by 13.5%. "Strabena" waxay ahayd midda ugu xasaasisan, oo leh isbeddellada 3.2 iyo -1.6%, siday u kala horreeyaan, marka la barbar dhigo HPSL (Jaantuska 7). In kasta oo ay jiraan natiijooyin lagu qanco, ka-habaynta xisaabeed ee xogtu ma xaqiijinayso in la isku halleyn karo (Shaxda 1).
Inta lagu jiro tijaabada, в-Carotene-ka ku jira yaanyada celcelis ahaan 4.69 ilaa 9.0 mg 100 g-1 FM. Kan ugu sarreeya в-Carotene waxaa laga helay yaanyada cherry cv “Strabena,” celcelis ahaan 8.88 ± 1.58 mg 100 g-1 FM, laakiin ugu hooseeya в-Carotene waxaa laga helay cv khudradda jaalaha ah "Bolzano," celcelis ahaan 5.45 ± 1.45 mg 100 g-1 FM.
Farqiga muhiimka ah ee ka kooban carotene ayaa la helay inta u dhaxaysa noocyada lagu koray nalka dheeriga ah ee kala duwan. Cv "Bolzano" oo lagu koray hoosta LED waxay muujineysaa hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimid maadada carotene (18.5% marka loo eego HPSL), halka "Chocomate" ay leedahay maadada carotene ugu hooseysa HPSL ee miraha yaanyada (5.32 ± 1.08 mg 100 g FM-1) waxaana lagu kordhiyey 34.3% hoosta LED iyo 46.4 % hoostooda nalalka IND (Jaantuska 8).
Isku geynta Phenolics iyo Flavonoids Content
Maaddada phenol ee miraha yaanyada waxay ku kala duwan tahay celcelis ahaan 27.64 ilaa 56.26 mg GAE 100 g-1 FM (Shaxda 2). Waxa ku jira phenol-ka ugu sarreeya waxa lagu arkay noocyada kala duwan ee “Strabena” iyo waxa ugu hooseeya ee phenol waxa lagu arkay noocyada kala duwan ee “Diamont”. Waxyaabaha ay ku jiraan phenol ee yaanyada way kala duwan yihiin iyadoo loo eegayo xilliga bislaanshaha ee midhaha, sidaas darteed waxaa jira isbeddello waaweyn oo u dhexeeya waqtiyada muunad ee kala duwan. Tani waxay keenaysaa xaqiiqda ah in farqiga u dhexeeya yaanyada lagu koray nalalka kala duwan aysan ahayn mid muhiim ah.
Inkasta oo kala duwanaanshiyaha muhiimka ah ee u dhexeeya kala duwanaanshaha iftiinka dheeriga ah ay ka muuqdaan oo keliya xaaladda cv "Chocomate," celceliska maadada flavonoid ee miraha lagu beeray laambadda hoosteeda waa 33.3%, laakiin waxay ka hooseeyaan LED-ka 13.3% ka sarreeya. Hoosta nalalka IND, farqi weyn ayaa u dhexeeya noocyada kala duwan, laakiin ka hooseeya LED, kala duwanaanshiyaha ayaa u dhexeeya 10.3-15.6%.
Tijaabooyinku waxay muujiyeen in noocyo kala duwan oo yaanyo ah ay si kala duwan uga falceliyaan iftiinka dheeriga ah ee la isticmaalo.
Laguma talinayo in lagu koriyo cv "Bolzano" hoostiisa LED ama IND laambad sababtoo ah nalkan, cabbiradu waxay la mid yihiin kuwa laga helay HPSL ama si aad ah uga hooseeya. Laambadaha LED-ka hoostooda, miisaanka hal miro, walxo qallalan, maaddooyinka adag ee milmaya, iyo carotene ayaa si weyn hoos loogu dhigay ( Jaantuska 9 ).
SHAXDA 2AAD | Waxa ku jira wadarta phenolics [mg gallic acid u dhiganta (GAE) 100 g-1 FM] iyo flavonoids [mg citric acid (CA) 100 g-1 FM] ee miraha yaanyada oo lagu beeray iftiin dheeri ah oo kala duwan.
dhimaya |
"Bolzano" |
"Chocomate" |
"Encore" |
"Diamont" |
"Strabena" |
Phenols |
|||||
HPSL |
36.33 ± 5.34 |
31.23 ± 5.67 |
27.64 ± 7.12 |
30.26 ± 5.71 |
48.70 ± 11.24 |
IND |
33.21 ± 4.05 |
34.77 ± 6.39 |
31.00 ± 6.02 |
30.63 ± 5.11 |
56.26 ± 13.59 |
LED |
36.16 ± 6.41 |
31.70 ± 6.80 |
30.44 ± 3.01 |
30.98 ± 6.52 |
52.57 ± 10.41 |
flavonoids |
|||||
HPSL |
4.50 ± 1.32 |
3.78 ± 0.65a |
2.65 ± 1.04 |
2.57 ± 1.15 |
5.17 ± 2.33 |
IND |
4.57 ± 0.75 |
5.24 ± 0.79b |
4.96 ± 1.46 |
2.84 ± 0.67 |
6.65 ± 1.64 |
LED |
4.96 ± 1.08 |
4.37 ± 1.18ab |
3.02 ± 1.04 |
2.88 ± 1.08 |
5.91 ± 1.20 |
Macnaha kala duwan ayaa lagu calaamadeeyay xarfo kala duwan. |
Si ka duwan "Bolzano," "Chocomate" ee hoos yimaada iftiinka LED waxay kordhisaa miisaanka hal miro iyo qadarka carotene ayaa kordha. Halbeegyada kale ee laga saaray walxaha qalalan iyo adkaha milmay ayaa iyaguna ka sarreeya miraha laga helay HPSL. Xaaladda noocyadan kala duwan, nalka induction wuxuu sidoo kale muujinayaa natiijooyin wanaagsan (Jaantuska 9).
CV-ga "Diamont," tilmaamayaasha go'aamiya sifooyinka dhadhanka ayaa si weyn hoos loogu dhigay iftiinka LED-ka, laakiin waxa ku jira pigments iyo flavonoids ayaa kordhay. (Jaantuska 9).
Cultivars "Encore" iyo "Strabena" ayaa ah kuwa aan ka jawaabin daaweynta iftiinka dheeraadka ah. Marka loo eego "Encore," cabbirka kaliya ee uu si weyn u saameeyay iftiinka iftiinka LED waa nuxurka adag ee milmay. "Strabena" sidoo kale waa mid dulqaad leh oo ku saabsan isbeddelada ka kooban iftiinka iftiinka. Tani waxay noqon kartaa sababo la xiriira sifooyinka hidda-socodka ee noocyada kala duwan, maadaama tani ay ahayd nooca kaliya ee yaanyada cherry ee lagu daray tijaabada. Waxaa lagu sifeeyay in ay aad uga sarreyso dhammaan cabirrada la bartay. Sidaa darteed, suurtogal ma ahayn in la ogaado isbeddellada ku yimaadda xuduudaha la bartay ee saamaynta iftiinka (Jaantuska 9).
DHIBAATOOYINKA
Celceliska miisaanka miraha yaanyada wuxuu la xiriiraa miisaanka loogu talagalay noocyada kala duwan; in kastoo, aan la gaarin. Tani waxay noqon kartaa sababtoo ah habka beerashada halkii tayada iftiinka, maadaama biyo yar loo isticmaali karo substrate peat, taas oo laga yaabo inay yareyso miisaanka miraha, laakiin waxay kordhisaa xoojinta walxaha firfircoon waxayna hagaajinaysaa dhadhanka dhadhanka. (24). Isbeddelka ugu yar ee celceliska miisaanka miraha "Encore F1" natiijada isha iftiinka waxay muujin kartaa dulqaadka noocyadan tayada iftiinka. Tani waxay u dhigantaa dib u eegista mawduuca (25). Wax-soo-saarka iyo tayada yaanyada ma saameynayaan oo keliya xoogga iftiinka dheeriga ah ee la isticmaalo, laakiin sidoo kale tayada. Natiijooyinku waxay muujinayaan in wax-soo-saar yar lagu sameeyay nalalka IND. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa suurtogal ah in natiijooyin yar ay muujiyaan sababtoo ah xoogga yar ee nalalka induction-ka in kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in qaabka ugu muhiimsan ee nalalka induction uu yahay band mowjadaha cagaaran oo ballaaran. Xogtu waxay muujinaysaa in kororka cadadka iftiinka cas uu ka qaybqaato korodhka miisaanka cusub ee yaanyada, laakiin ma saameynayso kororka walxaha qalalan. Waxay u muuqataa in iftiinka cas uu kiciyay kororka biyaha ku jira yaanyada. Taas bedelkeeda, kororka iftiinka buluuga ah wuxuu yareeyaa maadada qalalan ee dhammaan noocyada yaanyada. Dareenka ugu yar waa yaanyada jaalaha ah ee "Balzano". Cilmi-baarisyo dhowr ah ayaa muujiyay in photosynthesis ee isku-dhafka casaanka iyo buluuga ah ay u egtahay inay ka sarreeyaan iftiinka HPS, laakiin soo-saarka miraha waa siman yahay. (12). Olle iyo Virsile (26) waxaa la ogaaday in LED-yada cas ay kor u qaadaan wax-soo-saarka yaanyada iyo in ay hoosta ka xariiqaan natiijooyinka cilmi-baaristeenna oo sheegaysa in guud ahaan marka lagu daro mowjadaha cas cas ay kordhiyaan wax-soo-saarka. Fikrad la mid ah, Zhang et al. (14) wuxuu qeexayaa in xitaa lagu daro iftiinka FR ee lagu daro LED-yada cas iyo HPSL waxay kordhinayaan tirada guud ee miraha. Iftiinka buluuga ah iyo casaanka ee iftiinka LED wuxuu keenay bislaanshaha hore ee miraha yaanyada. Tani waxay muujin kartaa sababta miraha sare ee hoos yimaada LEDs ee "Chocomate F1" iyo "Diamont F1" cultivars, tan iyo markii hore ee bislaanshaha ay keentay in hore loo dhigo miro cusub. Marka la eego wax-soo-saarka, xogtayadu waxay muujinaysaa in aanay ahayn kororka iftiinka cas ee ka muhiimsan kordhinta wax-soo-saarka, laakiin saamiga korodhka iftiinka cas ee iftiinka buluugga ah.
Maaddaama mid ka mid ah dabeecadda la jecel yahay ee yaanyada macaamiisha waa macaan, waxaa muhiim ah in la fahmo siyaabaha suurtogalka ah ee kor loogu qaado habkan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa badiyaa beddela arrimo deegaan oo kala duwan (27). Waxaa jira cadaymo muujinaya in isku-dhafka tayada iftiinka uu sidoo kale saameynayo maadada biochemical ee miraha yaanyada. Macnaha sonkorta milmay ee midhaha yaanyada bislaaday ayaa la dhimay wakhti dheer oo iftiin FR ah (15). Kong iyo al. (16) Natiijooyinku waxay muujiyeen in daawaynta iftiinka buluuga ah ay si weyn u keentay wadarta adkaha ee milmay. Sonkorta ku jirta dhirta waxaa lagu kordhiyaa iftiin cagaaran, buluug iyo casaan (28). Tijaabooyinkeenu ma xaqiijinayaan taas, sababtoo ah kordhinta iftiinka buluuga iyo casaanka labadaba waxay si gooni ah u yareeyeen maadada adkaha ah ee milmay inta badan kiisaska. Natiijooyinkayagu waxay muujiyeen in heerka ugu sarreeya ee sonkorta milmay laga helay HPSL taas oo keenaysa saamiga ugu badan ee iftiinka cas marka loo eego nalalka kale sidoo kalena kor u qaada heerkulka u dhow nalalka. Tani waxay la xidhiidhaa cilmi-baaris hore oo lagu sameeyay daraasadaha Erdberga et al. (29) waxay muujisay in maadada sonkorta milmay, acids organic ay korodho iyadoo la kordhinayo qiyaasaha mowjadaha cas. Natiijooyin la mid ah ayaa lagu helay daraasado kale. Miisaanka miraha yaanyada celceliska sare ayaa laga helay dhirta dheeriga ah ee lagu shiday nalalka HPS marka la barbar dhigo dhirta nalalka LED-ka (8.7-12.2% waxay kuxirantahay cultivar) (30).
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, daraasadaha Dzakovich et al. (31) Waxay caddeeyeen in tayada iftiinka dheeriga ah (HPSL ee loo maro LEDs) aysan si weyn u saameynin physicochemical (wadarta adkaha milmay, aashitada titratable, content ascorbic acid, pH, total phenolics, iyo flavonoids caan ah iyo carotenoids) ama sifooyinka dareenka ee yaanyada aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo. Tani waxay muujinaysaa in qadarka sonkorta milmay ee miraha ay saameyn karto ma aha oo kaliya arrimo shakhsi ah, laakiin sidoo kale isku-darkooda. Sidoo kale tijaabadayada ma suurtagelin in la helo si joogto ah oo u dhexeeya saamaynta iftiinka ee nuxurka aashitada. Gaar ahaan, cilmi-baarista mustaqbalka waa in aan diiradda la saarin oo kaliya xiriirka ka dhexeeya noocyada iyo iftiinka, laakiin sidoo kale xiriirka ka dhexeeya cultivar iyo iftiinka. Maaddada qallalan ayaa ka sarraysa "Chocomate F1" iyo "Strabena F1." Tani waxay u dhigantaa Kurina et al. (6), halkaas oo celcelis ahaan, gelitaanka casaan-bunni ay ururiyeen walxo qallalan oo badan (6.46%). Daraasadaha Duma et al. (32) waxay muujisay in marka la barbar dhigo miraha tirada iyo TI, waxaa la arkay in TI sare ay u tahay yaanyada yaryar ama ka weyn. Tijaabooyinka Rodica et al. (23) waxay tusinaysaa in yaanyada cherry iyo brownish ee midabka cas leh ay ku jiraan walxo adag oo badan. Daraasaddan, waxaa hoosta laga xariiqey in tirada xeryahooda dabiiciga ah ee go'aaminaya dhadhanka miraha ay ku xiran tahay wax-soo-saarka cultivar.
Soo-gaadhista iftiinka dheeriga ah ee casaanka iyo buluuga ah ee LED wuxuu kordhiyaa lycopene iyo в- content carotene (13, 29, 33, 34). Dannehl iyo al. (12) Daraasaduhu waxay muujiyeen in maadada lycopene iyo lutein ee ku jirta yaanyada ay 18 iyo 142% ka sarreeyaan markii ay la kulmeen qalabka LED-ka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, вMaadada carotene kama duwana daawaynta iftiinka. Ntaggas iyo al. (35) waxay muujisay in zeaxanthin, wax soo saarka в- beddelidda carotene, waxay kordhisaa miraha yaanyada hoostooda buluug iyo caddaan. Daraasaddan, bayaannadan qayb ahaan waa run oo keliya haddii ay dhacdo "Bolzano F1" halkaasoo qadar aad u weyn oo lycopene ah laga helay daaweynta LED, laakiin в-carotene ayaa si xun uga jawaabtay daawayntan. Tani waxay u sabab noqon kartaa astaamaha hidde-sideyaasha maadaama "Bolzano F1" ay daraasaddan ku tahay oo keliya midho oranji ah. Daraasado kale, oo leh caleenta miro-guduudan iyo bunni, qaddarka ugu badan ee lycopene iyo в-carotene waxaa laga helay nalalka Induction hoostooda kuwaas oo aan xaqiijinaynin isbeddellada sannadihii hore (29). Tijaabooyinkeennu waxay muujiyeen in maadada lycopene ee dhammaan beeralayda yaanyada guduudan ee casaanka ah ay kordheen kororka iftiinka buluuga ah. Taas bedelkeeda, isbeddelada ku jira maadada carotene ee noocyada kala duwan waxay ku guuldareystaan inay dejiyaan nidaamyo caadi ah oo ay wadaagaan dhammaan tamaandhada loo isticmaalo tijaabooyinka. Farqigaani wuxuu tilmaamayaa baahida loo qabo baaritaan dheeraad ah oo maadada mustaqbalka. Qaab isku mid ah oo looga jawaabayo iftiinka iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay astaamaha cultivar ayaa lagu arkay qiyaastaofphenolsandflavonoids. Dhammaan miraha casaanka ah iyo miraha-brown-ka leh waxay muujiyeen natiijooyin wanaagsan oo hoos yimaada nalalka IND, halka "Bolzano F1" ay ku jawaabtay natiijooyin sare oo HPSL iyo nalalka LED ah oo aan lahayn farqi weyn. Daraasadani waxay u dhigantaa natiijooyinka Kong: daawaynta iftiinka buluuga ah waxay si weyn u keentay xoojinta xeryahooda phenolic ee gaarka ah (chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, iyo rutin) (16). Iftiin cas oo joogto ah ayaa si weyn u kordhay lycopene, в-carotene, wadarta guud ee maadada phenolic, wadarta guud ee flavonoids, iyo waxqabadka antioxidant ee yaanyada (36). Daraasaddeennii hore, flavonoids ayaa isbeddelay; sidaas darteed, wax saameyn ah oo ay leedahay hirarka dhererka iftiinka waa in la xuso mid muhiim ah.
Qiyaasta phenol-ku waxay korodhay iyada oo qayb ka mid ah iftiinka buluuga ah ee ay bixiyaan nalalka LED-ka (29)Tani waxay sidoo kale u dhigantaa cilmi-baaristayada. Waxaa lagu sheegay shuqullada cilmi-baarayaasha kale in soo-gaadhista UV ama iftiinka LED-ka aysan wax saameyn ah ku yeelan wadarta xeryahooda phenolic, in kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in labada daawaynta iftiinka la og yahay inay wax ka beddelaan muujinta hiddo-wadaha ku lug leh biosynthesis ofphenolic compounds iyo carotenoids (36). Waa in la xuso in si la mid ah miisaanka midhaha, ma jiraan farqi weyn oo u dhexeeya xeryahooda kiimikada "Encore F1" sababtoo ah daaweynta iftiinka. Tani waxay u ogolaaneysaa in lagu dhawaaqo in cultivar "Encore F1" uu u dulqaadan karo ka kooban iftiinka. Tijaabooyinkeenu waxay xaqiijinayaan xogta suugaanta in isku-darka dheef-shiid kiimikaad sare ay xoojisay labadaba tirada tirada iftiinka buluuga ah iyo saamiga korodhka iftiinka buluugga ah ee nidaamka iftiinka guud.
Natiijooyinka la helay waxay muujinayaan in qaybaha kiimikaad, oo ay ku jiraan sonkorta acid-milmi leh iyo saamigooda, kuwaas oo mas'uul ka ah dhadhanka dabeecadda ee noocyada kala duwan, waxay ku xiran yihiin ugu horreyntii genetics ee noocyada kala duwan. Dhadhanka wanaagsan ee yaanyada ma aha oo kaliya isku darka midabada gaarka ah iyo walxaha noolaha firfircoon, laakiin sidoo kale qadarkooda. Gaar ahaan, saamiga iyo tirada asiidhka iyo sonkorta ayaa tilmaamaya dhadhanka buuxa iyo tayada sare leh. Daraasaddan, xidhiidhka togan ee u dhexeeya sonkorta milmay iyo asiidhyada titratable waa ~ 0.4, kaas oo la xidhiidha cilmi-baarista Hernandez Suarez, halkaas oo xidhiidhka togan ee u dhexeeya labada tilmaame lagu ogaaday inuu yahay 0.39 (37). Daraasadaha Dzakovich et al. (31), yaanyada ayaa lagu sifeeyay wadarta adkaha milmay, aysidhka titratable, content ascorbic acid, pH, wadarta phenolics, iyo flavonoids caan ah iyo carotenoids. Daraasaddoodu waxay muujisay in tayada miraha yaanyada lagu koriyo ay si yar u saamaysay daawaynta iftiinka dheeriga ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, xogta guddiga dareenka macaamiishu waxay muujisay in tamaandhada lagu beeray daawaynta iftiinka kala duwan ay la barbar dhigi karaan daawaynta iftiinka ee la tijaabiyay. Daraasadu waxay soo jeedisay in jawiga iftiinka firfircoon ee ku dhex jira nidaamyada wax soo saarka aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo uu baabi'in karo saameynta hirarka iftiinka iftiinka ee loo isticmaalo daraasadahooda dhinacyada gaarka ah ee dheef-shiid kiimikaadka labaad ee miraha (31). Tani waxay qayb ahaan la socotaa daraasaddan, maaddaama tirooyinka la helay aysan muujinayn isbeddello cad oo aan caddayn, taas oo noo ogolaanaysa in aan nidhaahno mid ka mid ah nalalka ayaa faa'iido u leh yaanyada marka loo eego kuwa kale. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, nalalka qaarkood ayaa loo isticmaali karaa noocyo gaar ah, tusaale ahaan, nalalka HPSL waxay ku habboonaan doonaan "Bolzano F1" iyo iftiinka LED-ka waxaa lagula talinayaa "Chocomate F1." Tani waxay u dhigantaa cilmi-baaristu waxay saameyn ku yeelatay latitudes juquraafiyeed ee kala duwan ee sifooyinka kiimikada ee yaanyada la darsay. Bhandari etal. (38) waxa uu caddeeyey in iyada oo isku-darka booska qorraxdu ee dhinaca cirka iyo, sidaas awgeed, isku-dhafka mowjadaha iftiinka ee muuqda, ay door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraan beddelka kiimikada yaanyada; waxaa jira noocyo ka difaaca hababkaas. Dhammaan gunaanadyadan waxay u oggolaanayaan in ay hoosta ka xariiqaan in ka kooban kiimikada yaanyada ay ugu horreyn ku xiran tahay genotype, sababtoo ah xiriirka cultivars ee arrimaha sii kordhaya, gaar ahaan iftiinka, ayaa ah kuwo hidde ah.
GABAGABADA
Noocyada yaanyada kala duwan ayaa si kala duwan uga falceliya iftiinka dheeriga ah ee la isticmaalo. Cultivars "Encore" iyo "Strabena" ayaa ah kuwa aan ka jawaabin iftiinka dheeriga ah. Marka loo eego "Encore," cabbirka kaliya ee uu si weyn u saameeyay iftiinka iftiinka LED waa nuxurka adag ee milmay. "Strabena" sidoo kale waa mid dulqaad leh oo ku saabsan isbeddelada ka kooban iftiinka iftiinka. Tani waxay noqon kartaa sababo la xiriira sifooyinka hidda-socodka ee noocyada kala duwan, maadaama tani ay ahayd nooca kaliya ee yaanyada cherry ee lagu daray tijaabada. Laguma talinayo in lagu beero miro liimi ah cv “Bolzano” hoosteeda LED ama nalka IND sababtoo ah nalkan, cabiradu waxay ku sugan yihiin heerka HPSL ama aad uga sii daran. Laambadaha LED hoostooda, miisaanka hal miro, walxo qallalan, maaddooyinka adag ee milmaya, iyo в-carotene ayaa si weyn hoos ugu dhacay. Miisaanka midhaha iyo tirada в-carotene ee miro casaan-brown cv "Chocomate" hoos nalalka LED si weyn u kordhiyaa. Halbeegyada kale ee laga saaray walxaha qalalan iyo adkaha milmay ayaa iyaguna ka sarreeya miraha laga helay HPSL.
Tijaabooyinku waxay muujiyeen in HPSL ay kiciso ururinta dheef-shiid kiimikaadka aasaasiga ah ee khudradda yaanyada. Dhammaan kiisaska, waxa ku jira adkaha milmay ayaa ka sarreeya 4.7-18.2% marka la barbar dhigo ilaha kale ee iftiinka.
Sida nalalka LED-ka iyo IND ay sii daayaan qiyaastii 20% iftiinka buluug-violet, natiijadu waxay soo jeedinaysaa in qaybtan spectrum ay kiciso ururinta xeryahooda phenolic ee miraha 1.6-47.4% marka la barbardhigo HPSL. Maaddada carotenoids sida dheef-shiid kiimikaad sare waxay ku xiran tahay noocyada kala duwan iyo isha iftiinka. Noocyada miraha cas waxay u muuqdaan inay si ka sii badan u soo baxaan в-carotene oo hoos yimaada LED-ka dheeriga ah iyo iftiinka IND.
Qaybta buluugga ah ee spectrum ayaa door weyn ka ciyaarta hubinta tayada dalagga. Kordhinta ama qiyaasida saamigeeda wadarta guud ee spectrum waxay kor u qaadaa isku-dhafka dheef-shiid kiimikaad sare (lycopene, phenols iyo flavonoids), taasoo horseedaysa hoos u dhaca walxaha qalalan iyo maaddooyinka adag ee milmaya.
Marka la eego saamaynta weyn ee kala duwanaanshaha genotypic ee tamaandhada iyo xidhiidhka iftiinka, daraasad dheeraad ah waa in ay sii wadaan diiradda saaraya isku-dhafka cultivars iyo noocyada kala duwan ee iftiinka dheeriga ah si loo kordhiyo nuxurka xeryahooda firfircoon ee noole ahaan.
BAYAANKA HELINTA XOGTA
Xogta cayriinka ah ee taageerta gabagabada maqaalkan waxa diyaar u ah qorayaashu, iyada oo aan boos celin aan loo baahnayn.
SHIRWEYNAHA SHARCIYADA
IE wuxuu mas'uul ka ahaa beerista iyo muunad-samaynta tamaandhada, shaqada shaybaadhka, qiyaasidda isku-darka, iyo sidoo kale waxay gacan ka geysatay qorista qoraal-gacmeedka. IA waxay keentay fikradda, waxay gacan ka geysatey ra'yiga daraasadda iyo naqshadeynta, waxay mas'uul ka ahayd muunad-samaynta yaanyada, shaqada shaybaadhka, qiyaasidda xeryahooda, waxayna sidoo kale gacan ka geysatay qorista qoraalka. MD waxay gacan ka gaysatay ra'yiga daraasadda iyo naqshadaynta, hagaajinta hababka falanqaynta, waxay falanqaysay muunadaha shaybaarka, waxayna soo jeedisay talooyin iyo talooyin. RA waxay gacan ka gaysatay falanqaynta tirakoobka, tarjumaada xogta, waxayna soo jeedisay talooyin iyo soo jeedin ku saabsan qoraal-gacmeedka. LD waxay gacan ka gaysatay ra'yiga daraasadda iyo naqshadaynta, waxay mas'uul ka ahayd samaynta yaanyada, shaqada shaybaadhka, qiyaasida xeryahooda, waxayna soo jeedisay talooyin iyo talooyin ku saabsan qoraal-gacmeedka. Dhammaan qorayaasha ayaa wax ku biiriyay maqaalka oo ansixiyay nooca la gudbiyay ee qoraal-gacmeedka.
FADLAN
Daraasaddan waxaa maalgeliyey Barnaamijka Horumarinta Reer Miyiga ee Latvia 2014-2020 Iskaashiga, wac 16.1 mashruuca Nr. 19-00-A01612-000010 Baaritaanka xalal cusub iyo horumarinta habka cusub ee hufnaanta iyo korodhka tayada ee qaybta aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee Latvia (IRIS).
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