Sachin G. Chavan (1,2,*) , Zhong-Hua Chen (1,3), Oula Ghannoum (1) , Christopher I. Cazzonelli (1) iyo David T. Tissue 1,2)
1. Xarunta Dalagga ee Ilaalinta Khudaarta Qaranka, Machadka Hawkesbury ee Deegaanka, Galbeedka Sydney
Jaamacadda, Shandad Quful 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; z.chen@westernsydney.edu.au (Z.-HC); o.ghannoum@westernsydney.edu.au (OG); c.cazzonelli@westernsydney.edu.au (CIC); d.tissue@westernsydney.edu.au (DTT)
2. Xarunta Caalamiga ah ee Hal-abuurka Ku Salaysan Dhulka, Hawkesbury Campus, Jaamacadda Galbeedka Sydney,
Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia
3. Dugsiga Sayniska, Jaamacadda Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
* Xiriirinta: s.chavan@westernsydney.edu.au; Tel.: +61-2-4570-1913
aan la taaban karinDalagga la ilaaliyo wuxuu bixiyaa hab lagu xoojiyo wax soo saarka cuntada marka la eego isbeddelka cimilada
iyo in la gaarsiiyo cunto caafimaad leh si joogto ah oo leh kheyraad yar. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si loo sameeyo habkan beerashada
dhaqaale ahaan wax ku ool ah, waxaan u baahanahay inaan tixgelinno heerka dalagga la ilaaliyo ee macnaha guud ee la heli karo
tignoolajiyada iyo dalagyada beeralayda ah ee la beegsanayo. Dib u eegistani waxay qeexaysaa fursadaha jira
iyo caqabadaha ay tahay in lagu wajaho cilmi-baadhista socota iyo hal-abuurkan xiisaha leh laakiin
beerta adag ee Australia. Tas-hiilaadka beeralayda gudaha waxa si balaadhan loogu kala qaybiyay saddexdan soo socda
heerarka horumarka tignoolajiyada: hoose-, dhexe-iyo-farsamo sare oo leh caqabado u dhigma
kuwaas oo u baahan xalal cusub. Intaa waxaa dheer, xaddidnaanta koritaanka dhirta gudaha iyo la ilaaliyo
Nidaamyada dalagga (tusaale, kharashka tamarta sare) ayaa xaddiday isticmaalka beeraha gudaha ilaa xad
wax yar, dalagyo qiimo sare leh. Sidaa darteed, waxaan u baahanahay inaan horumarino beero dalagga cusub oo ku habboon beerashada gudaha
taas oo ka duwanaan karta kuwa looga baahan yahay wax soo saarka garoonka furan. Intaa waxaa dheer, dalagga la ilaaliyo
Waxay u baahan tahay kharashyo bilowga ah oo sarreeya, shaqaale xirfad leh oo qaali ah, isticmaalka tamarta sare, iyo cayayaanka muhiimka ah
iyo maareynta cudurrada iyo ilaalinta tayada. Guud ahaan, dalagga la ilaaliyo wuxuu bixiyaa xalal rajo leh
si loo helo haqab-beelka cuntada, iyadoo la dhimayo raad-raaca kaarboon ee wax-soo-saarka cuntada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, gudaha gudaha
wax-soo-saarka dalagga si uu saamayn togan ugu yeesho sugnaanta cuntada iyo nafaqada adduunka
amniga, wax-soo-saarka dhaqaale ee dalagyada kala duwan ayaa noqon doona lama huraan.
Keywords: dalagga la ilaaliyo; beer toosan; dhaqanka ciidda-yar; waxqabadka dalagga; beeraha gudaha;
sugnaanta cuntada; waaritaanka kheyraadka
1. Hordhac
Dadka adduunka ayaa la filayaa inay gaaraan ku dhawaad 10 bilyan sanadka 2050, iyadoo inta badan korriinka la saadaaliyay inuu ka dhici doono magaalooyinka waaweyn ee adduunka [1,2]. Markay dadku kordho, waxsoosaarka cuntadu waa inuu kordho oo daboolaa baahiyaha nafaqeynta iyo caafimaadka iyadoo isla mar ahaantaana la gaarayo Himilooyinka Horumarinta Joogtada ah ee Qaramada Midoobay (UN SDGs) [3,4]. Hoos-u-dhaca dhul-beereedka iyo saamaynta xun ee isbeddelka cimiladu ku leeyahay beeraha ayaa keenaya caqabado dheeraad ah oo ku qasbaya hal-abuurnimada hababka wax-soo-saarka cuntada mustaqbalka si loo daboolo baahida sii kordheysa ee dhowrka sano ee soo socda. Tusaale ahaan, beeraha Australiya waxay inta badan la kulmaan kala duwanaanshiyaha cimilada waxayna u nugul yihiin saameynta isbeddelka cimilada muddada-dheer. Abaarihii u dambeeyay ee ka dhacay bariga Australia ee 2018-19 iyo 2019–20 ayaa si xun u saameeyay ganacsiyada beeraha, taas oo ku daraysa saamaynta soo ifbaxda ee isbedelka cimilada ee beeralayda Australia [5].
Dalagga la ilaaliyo, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan beero gudaha ah [6] - oo u dhexeeya polytunnels-farsamada hooseeya ilaa tignoolajiyada dhexdhexaadka ah, aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee qayb ahaan loo xakameeyo, ilaa muraayadaha 'casriga' ee tignoolajiyada sare iyo beeraha gudaha - waxay gacan ka geysan karaan kor u qaadista amniga cuntada adduunka 21st qarniga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, iyada oo aragtida magaalo-madaxeed iskeed isku waara ay tahay mid soo jiidasho leh oo ah hab wax looga qabanayo caqabadaha hadda jira, kor u qaadista beerashada gudaha ayaan la mid ahayn
raynrayn iyo yididiilo ay ka qabaan taageerayaasheeda. Dalagga la ilaaliyo iyo beerashada gudaha ayaa ku lug leh isticmaalka weyn ee tignoolajiyada iyo automation-ka si loo wanaajiyo isticmaalka dhulka, si loo helo xalal xiiso leh si loo horumariyo wax soo saarka cuntada mustaqbalka [7]. Dunida oo dhan, horumarinta beeraha magaalooyinka [8,9] ayaa badanaa dhacay ka dib dhibaatooyin daba-dheeraaday iyo / ama ba'an, sida xaddidaadaha iftiinka iyo booska Nederlaan; burburkii warshadaha gawaarida ee Detroit; shilkii suuqa ma-guurtada ahaa ee xeebaha Bari ee Maraykanka; iyo xannibaadda xasaradaha gantaalaha ee Cuba. Mid kale
xamaasaduhu waxay ku yimaadeen qaab suuqyo la heli karo, tusaale ahaan, dalagga la ilaaliyo ayaa ku batay Spain [10] sababtoo ah si sahlan oo dalku u galo suuqyada Waqooyiga Yurub. Si wada jir ah caqabadaha jira, masiibada COVID-19 ee socota waxay bixin kartaa dhiirigelinta loo baahan yahay si loo beddelo beeraha magaalooyinka [11].
Haddii la rabo in beeralayda magaaladu ay kaalin mug leh ka qaataan hagaajinta sugnaanta cuntada iyo nafaqaynta dadka, waxa loo baahan yahay in la miisaamo caalamka oo dhan si ay u helaan awood ay ku beeran karaan noocyo kala duwan oo wax soo saar ah oo ka tamar, khayraad iyo kharash ka badan. hadda waa suurtagal. Fursado aad u weyn ayaa u jira hagaajinta wax soo saarka dalagga iyo tayada iyadoo la isku xirayo horumarka laga gaaray kontaroolada deegaanka, maareynta cayayaanka, ifafaalaha iyo iswada
dadaalka taranka ee lagu beegsanayo sifooyinka hagaajiya dhismaha dhirta, tayada dalagga (dhadhanka iyo nafaqada) iyo dhalidda. Kala duwanaansho weyn oo ah dalagyada hadda iyo kuwa soo baxaya marka loo eego noocyada dalagga dhaqameed, iyo sidoo kale dhirta daawada, ayaa lagu beeri karaa beeraha deegaanka lagu xakameeyo [12,13].
Baahida soo socota ee lagu wanaajinayo sugnaanta cuntada ee magaalooyinka iyo in la dhimo raadadka kaarboonka ee cuntada waxaa wax looga qaban karaa hal-abuurnimada qaybaha cuntada, sida dalagga la ilaaliyo iyo beerashada gudaha ee tooska ah. Kuwani waxay u dhexeeyaan tunnel-farsamo hooseeya oo leh xakamaynta deegaanka ugu yar, tignoolajiyada dhexdhexaadka ah, aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee qayb ahaan la xakameeyo ilaa muraayado teknoolojiyad sare ah iyo tas-hiilaad beero toosan leh oo leh tignoolajiyada casriga ah. Dalagga la ilaaliyo ayaa ah qaybta ugu dhaqsaha badan ee cuntada ka soo saarta Australia, marka loo eego baaxadda wax soo saarka iyo saamaynta dhaqaale [12]. Warshadaha dalagga ilaalinta ee Australiya waxay ka kooban yihiin tas-hiilaadyo teknoolojiyad sare ah (17%), guryo quraarado ah (20%) iyo nidaamyada wax-soo-saarka dalagga-substrate-ku-salaysan (52%), taasoo muujinaysa baahida iyo fursadda lagu horumarinayo qaybta beeraha. Dib-u-eegisgan, waxaanu kaga hadlaynaa heerka dalagga la ilaaliyo ee macnaha guud ee tignoolajiyada la heli karo iyo dalagyada beeralayda ee u dhigma, annagoo qeexayna fursadaha iyo caqabadaha u baahan in wax lagaga qabto cilmi-baadhista ka socota Australia.
2. Farsamooyinka iyo Tignoolajiyada hadda ee Dalagga la ilaaliyo
Sannadka 2019, wadarta guud ee bedka dhulka ee loo qoondeeyay beerashada la ilaaliyo - taas oo, guud ahaan, ku lug leh
beerashada dalagyada hoos yimaada dhammaan noocyada daboolida—waxaa lagu qiyaasay 5,630,000 hektar (hektar) caalamka oo dhan [14]. Bedka guud ee khudaarta iyo geedo yaryar oo lagu beero aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo (qaab-dhismeedka joogtada ah) ayaa lagu qiyaasay ilaa 500,000 hektar caalamka oo dhan, iyada oo 10% dalagyadan lagu beeray guryo quraarado ah iyo 90% aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee caagga ah [15,16]. Aagga aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee Australia waxaa lagu qiyaasaa inuu yahay ilaa 1300 hektar, oo leh guryo lagu koriyo oo aad u sarreeya (qiyaastii 14 meherad oo shaqsi ah, mid walbana uu deggan yahay wax ka yar 5 ha) oo ka dhigan 17% aaggan, iyo koriyooyin-farsamo-hoose/dhexe ah oo lagu koriyo 83% [17] ]. Guud ahaan, aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee balaastikada ah iyo guryaha quraaradu waxay ka kooban yihiin 80% iyo 20%, siday u kala horreeyaan, wadarta aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee la soo saaro [16].
Dalagga la ilaaliyo ayaa ah qaybta ugu dhaqsaha badan ee cuntada ka soo saarta Australia, waxaana lagu qiimeeyaa ku dhawaad $1.5 bilyan sannadkii albaabka beerta 2017. Waxaa lagu qiyaasaa in ku dhawaad 30% dhammaan beeralayda Australiyaanka ahi ay u koraan dalag nooc ka mid ah nidaamka dalagga la ilaaliyo, iyo in dalagyada ku baxa daboolka ay ka kooban yihiin 20% wadarta qiimaha khudaarta iyo ubaxa [18]. Australia gudaheeda, qiyaasta wax soo saarka khudaarta aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ayaa ugu sareysa Koonfurta Australia (580 ha), waxaa ku xiga New South Wales (500 ha) iyo Victoria (200 ha), halka Queensland, Western Australia iyo Tasmania ay ku xisaabtamayaan <50 ha kasta [17] ].
Iyada oo ku saleysan Buug-gacmeedka Tirakoobka Dhirta ee Australia (2014-2015) iyo wadahadallo lala yeelanayo warshadaha, qiimaha guud ee wax-soo-saarka (GVP) ee miraha, khudaarta, iyo ubaxa ayaa lagu qiyaasay 2017. Nidaamyada koraya ee la geeyay, dalagyada ka baxa hydroponic/substrate- Nidaamyada wax-soo-saarka ku salaysan (52%) ayaa lagu qiimeeyay kuwa ugu sarreeya, oo ay ku xigto kuwa lagu beeray nidaamka bacriminta ciidda (35%), oo leh isku-dar ah bacriminta ciidda iyo hababka substrate-ku-salaysan (11%), iyo isticmaalka hydroponics/nafaqada. farsamada filimada (NFT) (2%) (Jaantuska 1A). Sidoo kale, noocyada ilaalinta, dalagyada lagu koray daboolka poly/glaasyada (63%) ayaa lahaa GVP ugu sarreeya, waxaana ku xiga kuwa lagu beeray koofiyadaha (23%), barafyada/hadhka daboolka (8%) iyo isku-darka baliga/dharafyada/hadhka daboolaya (6%) (Jaantuska 1B) [17]. Australia gudaheeda, tirakoobyada GVP-yada ee wax soo saarka beeraha lagu koriyo ee gaarka ah diyaar uma aha [15].
Jaantuska 1. Wadarta wax-soosaarka qiimaha guud (GVP) ee dalagga ku hoos jira beerashada la ilaaliyo (2017) iyadoo la raacayo nidaamka koraya (A) iyo ilaalinta (B). Wax-soo-saarka Hydroponics/substrate-ku-salaysan waxay ku lug leedahay koritaanka dhirta aan carrada lahayn iyadoo la adeegsanayo dhexdhexaad aan firfircoonayn sida dhagaxa dhagaxa. Wax-soo-saarka ciidda/ bacriminta ku salaysan waxay ku lug leedahay koritaanka dhirta iyadoo la isticmaalayo ciidda leh bacriminta (codsiga isku dhafan ee bacriminta iyo biyaha). Farsamada filimka hydroponics/nafaqada (NFT) waxay ka kooban tahay wareegtada qulqulka biyaha ee ka kooban nafaqeeyayaalka kala diri ee ka gudba xididada dhirta ee marinnada biyuhu. 'Poly' waxaa loola jeedaa polycarbonate.
Dahaarka roobdhagaxyaalaha/hadhka, sida caadiga ah shabag ama maro, ayaa dalagyada ka ilaaliya roobdhagaxyaalaha waxayna xannibaan qayb iftiin xad dhaaf ah. $ waxaa loola jeedaa AUD.
Waxa ka mid ah tas-hiilaadka deegaanka lagu kontoroolo ee Maraykanka, galaaska ama polycarbonate (poly) lagu koriyo (47%) way ka badan yihiin beeraha toosan ee gudaha ah (30%), guryaha dhogorta balaastigga ah ee hooseeya (12%), beeraha weelka (7% ) iyo hababka dhaqanka biyaha qoto dheer ee gudaha (4%). Nidaamyada koraya, hydroponics (49%) waxay ka badan yihiin nidaamyada ciidda ku saleysan (24%), aquaponic (15%), aeroponics (6%) iyo nidaamyada isku-dhafka ah (aeroponics, hydroponics, ciidda) (6%) [19,20].
Australia waxay leedahay beero toosan oo horumarsan oo aad u yar, taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay xaqiiqda ah inay leedahay magaalooyin yar oo dadku ku badan yihiin. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Australia waxay leedahay qiyaastii 1000 ha oo aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ah [16,17] dhoofinta khudaarta cusub iyo miraha ayaa si aad ah kor ugu kacay min 2006 ilaa 2016 Australia In kasta oo Australia ay bilaw fiican ka samaysay beerashada gudaha iyo waaxdu ay leedahay awood koritaan oo aad u weyn, waxay u baahan tahay wakhti si ay u bislaato iyo horumar dheeraad ah si ay u noqoto ciyaaryahan fure u ah miisaanka caalamiga ah. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, tas-hiilaadka beeralayda gudaha ee ku jihaysan ganacsi ahaan waxa loo kala saari karaa saddexdan heer ee soo socda ee horumarka tignoolajiyada: hoose-, dhexe-iyo-farsamada sare. Mid walba si faahfaahsan ayaa looga hadlayaa qaybaha soo socda.
2.1. Farsamooyinka Cusub ee Farsamada-hoose ee Poly-Tunnel
Tas-hiilaadka aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee-hooseeya ee ka qayb qaata abuurka la ilaaliyo ayaa leh dhawr xaddidaad kuwaaso u baahan xalal tignoolajiyadeed si ay uga caawiyaan u gudbitaankooda xarumaha dhexe ama farsamada sare ee faa'iidada leh ee soo saara dalag tayo sare leh oo leh ilo yar. Tignoolajiyada hoose ee tunnel-yada ayaa 80-90% ka ah wax soo saarka dalagga aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee caalamka [20] iyo gudaha Australia [17]. Iyadoo la tixgelinayo saamiga weyn ee polytunnels-ka hooseeya ee dalagga la ilaaliyo iyo heerarkooda hoose ee cimilada, bacriminta iyo xakamaynta cayayaanka, waxaa muhiim ah in wax laga qabto caqabadaha la xiriira si loo kordhiyo wax soo saarka iyo soo celinta dhaqaalaha beeralayda.
Heerka tignoolajiyada hoose waxa uu ka kooban yahay noocyo kala duwan oo tunnel-ka ah kuwaas oo u dhaxayn kara dhismayaal bir ah oo macmal ah oo daboolan caag ah iyo dhismayaal ujeedo joogto ah. Guud ahaan, laguma koontaroolo wax ka baxsan awoodda kor loogu qaado daboolka caagga ah marka uu aad u kululaado ama uu daruuro dibadda u baxo. Daboolka balaastigga ah ayaa ka ilaaliya dalagga roobka dhagaxyada leh, roobka iyo cimilada qabow waxayna kordhiyaan xilliga koritaanka ilaa xad. Qaab dhismeedkan jaban waxay bixiyaan a
soo celinta macquulka ah ee maalgashiga dalagyada khudradda sida salaar, digirta, yaanyada, qajaarka, kaabajka iyo zucchini. Beerashada godad badan ayaa lagu sameeyaa ciidda dhexdeeda, halka hawlgallo horumarsan ay u isticmaali karaan dheriyo waaweyn iyo waraabka faleebo ee yaanyada, blueberries, eggplants ama basbaaska. Si kastaba ha noqotee, halka beerashada tignoolajiyada hoose ee la ilaaliyo ay macno u leedahay beeralayda yaryar, farsamooyinkan oo kale waxay la kulmaan cillado dhowr ah. La'aanta xakamaynta deegaanka waxay saamaysaa joogteynta xajmiga iyo tayada alaabta sidaas awgeedna way yareysaa
helitaanka suuqa ee alaabtan ee macaamiisha baahida loo qabo sida dukaamada waaweyn iyo makhaayadaha. Marka la eego in dalagga guud ahaan lagu beeray ciidda, beeralaydani waxa ay sidoo kale la kulmaan cayayaan iyo cudurro badan oo ka dhasha carrada (tusaale, nematode-ka oo joogto ah). Wada-hawlgalayaasha warshadaha iyo cilmi-baarayaasha waxay u baahan yihiin hal-abuurnimo si ay u bixiyaan xalal guud ahaan qaabeynta xarunta iyo nidaamyada maareynta dalagga iyo sidoo kale nidaamyada ganacsi ee caqliga leh si loo dhoofiyo wax soo saarka
iyo in la ilaaliyo silsilad sahayda joogtada ah. Dhiirrigelinta iyo taageerada hay'adaha maalgeliya iyo hal-abuurrada tignoolajiyada (tusaale, xakamaynta bayooloji, qalabaynta qayb ee waraabka iyo xakamaynta heerkulka) ee jaamacadaha iyo shirkadaha ayaa ka caawin kara beeralayda inay u gudbaan habab abuurka tignoolajiyada horumarsan.
2.2. Casriyeynta Guryaha Cagaaran ee Dhexdhexaadka ah iyo Farsamada Cusub
Dalagga teknoolajiyada dhexdhexaadka ah ee la ilaaliyo waa qayb ballaadhan oo ka kooban aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee deegaanka la xakameeyey iyo guryaha quraarada. Qaybtan ka mid ah qaybta wax-soo-saarka beeraha ee la ilaaliyo waxay u baahan tahay casriyeyn tignoolajiyadeed oo la taaban karo haddii ay tahay inay la tartanto wax-soo-saarka cuntada baaxadda leh ee beeraha la geynayo tignoolajiyada hoose ee tunnel-ka iyo wax soo saarka tayada sare leh ee ka soo baxa aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee tignoolajiyada sare. Xakamaynta deegaanka ee aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee teknoolajiyada dhexdhexaadka ah waa qayb ahaan ama xoog leh waxaana lagu xakameyn karaa heerkulka aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo qaarkood iyadoo gacanta lagu furo saqafka, halka
tas-hiilaad aad u horumarsan ayaa leh unug qaboojin iyo kuleyl. Isticmaalka muraayadaha cadceedda iyo filimada caqliga leh ayaa la baarayaa si loo dhimo qiimaha tamarta iyo raadadka kaarboonka ee aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee dhexdhexaadka ah [21-23].
Iyadoo guryo badan oo aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ah ay weli ka samaysan yihiin PVC ama dhalada, filimaan caqli badan ayaa lagu dabaqi karaa dhismayaashan ama waxaa lagu dari karaa naqshadaynta aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo si loo kordhiyo waxtarka tamarta. Guud ahaan, aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee dhamaadka-sare waxay isticmaalaan warbaahinta sii kordheysa sida Rockwool blocks oo si taxadar leh loo hagaajiyay rasiidhada bacriminta dareeraha ee heerarka kala duwan ee koritaanka si loo kordhiyo wax-soosaarka dalagga. Bacriminta CO2 ayaa mararka qaarkood loo isticmaalaa aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee dhexdhexaadka ah si kor loogu qaado wax soo saarka iyo tayada. Qaybta abuurka dalagga ee dhexdhexaadka ah ee la ilaaliyo waxay ka faa'iidaysan doontaa iskaashiga warshadaha iyo jaamacadda si ay u abuuraan xalal saynis iyo teknoloji oo horumarsan, oo ay ku jiraan genotypes dalagga cusub oo leh waxsoosaar sare iyo tayo, maaraynta cayayaanka isku dhafan, bacriminta si otomaatig ah u buuxa iyo xakamaynta cimilada aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo, iyo kaalmada robotic ee maaraynta dalagga iyo goosashada.
2.3. Hal-abuurka Sayniska iyo Tignoolajiyada ee Guryaha cagaaran ee Farsamada Sare
Guryaha muraayadaha ee teknoolojiyadda sare waxay ku dari karaan horumarkii tignoolajiyada ugu dambeeyay ee physiology dalagga, bacrinta, dib u warshadaynta, iyo iftiinka. Guryaha lagu koriyo ee baaxadda weyn ee ganacsiga, tusaale ahaan, tignoolajiyada ' galaas smart ', nidaamyada photovoltaic qoraxda (PV) iyo nalalka dheeriga ah, sida muraayadaha LED, ayaa loo isticmaali karaa si loo hagaajiyo tayada dalagga iyo waxsoosaarka. Soosaarayaashu waxay sidoo kale si sii kordheysa u otomaatigsanayaan meelaha muhiimka ah iyo/ama meelaha shaqada u baahan sida la socodka dalagga, pollination-ka, iyo goosashada.
Horumarinta sirdoonka macmal (AI) iyo barashada mashiinka (MI) ayaa furay cabbiro cusub oo loogu talagalay aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee teknoolajiyada sare [24-28]. AI waa xeerar kombuyuutar ku-xidhan iyo moodooyin tirokoob oo loo tababaray inay kala gartaan qaababka xogta waaweyn iyo inay qabtaan hawlo guud ahaan la xidhiidha sirdoonka aadanaha. AI ee loo isticmaalo aqoonsiga sawirka waxaa loo istcimaalay si loola socdo caafimaadka dalagga oo loo aqoonsado calaamadaha cudurka, awood u siinaya dhaqsaha badan, go'aan gaarista xog-ogaalnimo ee maaraynta dalagga iyo goosashada-kaaso, maalmahan, la gaari karo
by hubka robot halkii ay ka shaqayn lahaayeen aadanaha. Internet-of-Things (IoT) waxay bixisaa xalal otomaatig ah oo si gaar ah loogu habeyn karo codsiyada aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo [29]. Markaa, AI iyo IoT waxay si weyn uga qayb qaadan karaan aagga beeraha casriga ah iyagoo xakameynaya oo otomaatig u ah hawlaha beeraha [30].
Cilmi-baarista iyo horumarinta goobta robot-yada beeraha ayaa si weyn u koray tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay [31-33]. Habka goosashada dalagga iskeed u madaxbannaan ee loo yaqaan 'capsicum' kaas oo ku wajahan waxtarka ganacsiga ayaa lagu muujiyay heerka guusha wax-soo-saarka 76.5% [31] gudaha Australia. Noocyada robots-ka ee dhirta yaanyada ka-goysa, goosashada capsicum (basbaaska dawan) iyo dalagyada yaanyada pollinating [34,35] ayaa laga sameeyay Yurub iyo Israa'iil, waxaana laga yaabaa in la ganacsiyo mustaqbalka dhow.
Intaa waxaa dheer, nidaamyada maaraynta software-ka ee loogu talagalay aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee tignoolajiyada-sare ee baaxadda leh ayaa si weyn u wanaajin doona hufnaanta shaqaalaha, hagaajinta rajada dhaqaale ee ganacsiyadan. IT-ga iyo kacaanka injineernimada ayaa sii wadi doona inay xoojiyaan beerashada la ilaaliyo iyo beerashada gudaha, taasoo u oggolaanaysa beeralayda inay la socdaan oo ay maamulaan dalagyadooda kombuyuutarrada iyo aaladaha mobilada, kuwaas oo xitaa loo isticmaali karo in lagu sameeyo beero muhiim ah iyo
go'aannada suuqa. Guryaha lagu koriyo ee teknoolojiyadda sare leh ayaa leh awoodda ugu sarreysa si ay uga faa'iideystaan waaxda dalagga ee la ilaaliyo ee Australia, sidaas darteed cilmi-baarista socota iyo hal-abuurka xarumahan waxay u badan tahay inay turjumaan waqti iyo lacag si wanaagsan loo maal-galiyo.
2.4. Horumarinta Beeraha Toosan ee Baahiyaha Mustaqbalka
Sannadihii u dambeeyay, horumar degdeg ah oo ku saabsan beerashada tooska ah ee gudaha ee adduunka oo dhan ayaa laga arkay, gaar ahaan waddamada ay dad badan ku nool yihiin iyo dhul aan ku filnayn [36,37]. Beerashada tooska ah waxay u taagan tahay 6 bilyan oo doolar qiimo ahaan laakiin waa qayb yar oo ka mid ah suuqa-beeraha caalamiga ah ee trillion-dollar ah [38]. Waxaa jira soo noqnoqosho kala duwan oo beero toosan ah laakiin dhammaantood waxay isticmaalaan shelfyo ciid-yar oo toosan ama hydroponic koraya oo ku yaal deegaan si buuxda u xiran oo la kantaroolo, kaasoo u oggolaanaya heerar sare oo otomaatig ah, xakameyn iyo joogtayn [39]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, beerashada tooska ah ayaa weli ku xaddidan dalagyada qiimaha sarreeya iyo kuwa gaaban ee nolosha sababtoo ah kharashka tamarta sare inkastoo ay bixiyaan wax soo saar aan la qiyaasi karin mitirkii labajibbaaran iyo heerarka sare ee waxtarka biyaha iyo nafaqada.
Cabbirka tignoolajiyada ee beerashada tooska ah-iyo gaar ahaan, imaatinka guryaha muraayadaha 'smart' - waxay u badan tahay inay soo jiidato beeralayda oo doonaya inay la shaqeeyaan kombuyuutar soo baxaya iyo teknoolojiyadda xogta weyn sida AI iyo Internetka Waxyaabaha (IoT) [40]. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, dhammaan noocyada beerashada gudaha waa tamar-iyo shaqo-xoogsi leh, in kasta oo ay jirto baaxad horumar weyn oo xagga farsamada iyo waxtarka tamarta labadaba. Horeba, noocyada ugu horumarsan ee beeraha gudaha ayaa bixiya tamar iyaga u gaar ah goobta waxayna ka madax banaan yihiin shabkada tamarta guud. Jardiinooyinka saqafka sare waxay ka koobnaan karaan nashqadaha fudud ee dusha sare ee dhismayaasha magaalada ilaa shirkadaha saqafka sare ee shirkadaha ee dhismayaasha dawladda hoose ee New York iyo Paris. Beerashada tooska ah ee gudaha waxay leedahay mustaqbal ifaya, gaar ahaan marka la eego faafitaanka COVID-19 waxayna si fiican u taagan tahay inay kordhiso saamiga ay ku leedahay suuqa cuntada adduunka, sababtoo ah
Nidaam wax soo saar oo aad u hufan, hoos u dhigista silsiladda saadka iyo kharashaadka saadka, suurtagalnimada automation (wax ka qabashada yaraynta) iyo helitaanka fudud ee shaqada iyo macaamiisha labadaba.
3. Dalagyada Bartilmaameedka ah ee Dalagga la ilaaliyo
Waqtigan xaadirka ah, dalagyada ku habboon beeraha gudaha ayaa xaddidan tiro ahaan sababtoo ah xaddidnaanta dalagga ee koritaanka gudaha iyo sidoo kale xaddidaadaha dalagyada la ilaaliyo sida kharashka tamarta sare (Iftiinka, kuleylka, qaboojinta iyo socodsiinta nidaamyada otomatiga ah ee kala duwan) taas oo u oggolaanaysa dalagyo qiimo sare leh [ 41–43]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, soosaarka dhaqaale ee noocyo kala duwan oo dalagyo la cuni karo waa lama huraan haddii dalagga la ilaaliyo ay saameyn weyn ku yeelanayaan.
Haqab-beelka cuntada caalamiga ah [12,13,44]. Beeraha dalagga ee beerashada khudaarta la ilaaliyo si weyn ayay uga duwan yihiin kuwa wax-soo-saarka berrinka bannaan ee loogu talaggalay dulqaadka xaaladaha kala duwan ee deegaanka, taas oo aan daruuri looga baahnayn beerashada la ilaaliyo. Horumarinta beeralayda ku habboon waxay u baahan doontaa hagaajinta sifooyin dhowr ah (sida is-pollination, korriin aan go'aan lahayn, xididdo adag) kuwaas oo ka duwan sifooyinka loo arko.
suurad wacan in dalagga dibadda (Jaantuska 2) (laga soo qaatay [13]).
Jaantus 2. Tilmaamaha la doonayo ee dalagyada miraha ee lagu beero gudaha gudaha xaaladaha deegaanka la xakameeyey marka loo eego dalagyada ka baxa bannaanka ee xaaladaha beerta.
Hadda, miraha iyo khudaarta sida ugu wanaagsan loogu habeeyey beerashada gudaha waxaa ka mid ah:
• Kuwa ku koraa geed canab ah ama duurka ( yaanyo, strawberry, raspberry, blueberry, qajaar, capsicum, canab, kiwifruit);
• Dalagyada takhasuska leh ee qiimaha sarreeya (hops, vanilj, saffron, kafee);
• Dalagyada dawooyinka iyo qurxinta (madow badeed, Echinacea);
• Geedaha yaryar (cherries, shukulaatada, cambe, yicibta) ayaa ah doorashooyin kale oo la heli karo [13].
Qaybaha soo socda, waxaan uga hadlaynaa dalagyada hadda jira iyo horumarinta beero cusub oo loogu talagalay beeraha gudaha si faahfaahsan.
3.1. Dalagyada jira ee ku koray kuwa hooseeya, dhexdhexaadka ah iyo xarumaha farsamada sare
Nidaamyada dalagga ilaalinta ee tignoolajiyada hooseeya iyo kuwa dhexdhexaadka ah waxay soo saaraan yaanyo, qajaar, zucchini, kaabsicum, eggplant, salaar, cagaarka Aasiya iyo geedo yaryar. Marka la eego bedka, tirada miraha la soo saaro iyo tirada ganacsiyada, yaanyada waa dalagyada khudradda ee ugu muhiimsan ee laga soo saaro aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo, oo ay ku xigto capsicum iyo salaar [15,45].
Australia gudaheeda, horumarinta tas-hiilaadka deegaanka ee baaxadda weyn ee la kantaroolo ayaa ku koobnaa kuwa loo dhisay tamaandhada beerashada [15]. Qiyaasta GVP ee miraha, khudaarta iyo ubaxa ee 2017, gudaha iyo goobaha wax-beerista ee la ilaaliyo, waxay muujinaysaa awoodda tamaandhada ee qaybta ilaalinta-dalagga Australia.
Qiyaasta guud ee GVP ee 2017 marka la eego berrinka iyo wax-soo-saarka dalagyada beergooyska hoostiisa ayaa ugu sarreeyay yaanyada (24%), oo ay ku xigto strawberry (17%), miraha xagaaga (13%), ubax (9%), blueberry. (7%), qajaar (7%) iyo capsicum (6%), oo leh khudaar Asian ah, geedo yaryar, eggplant, cherry iyo berry mid kastaa wuxuu xisaabiyaa wax ka yar 6% (Jaantuska 3A).
Jaantuska 3. Qiyaasta qiimaha guud ee wax-soo-saarka (GVP) ee guud ahaan beeraha la isku daray iyo wax-soo-saarka khudaarta la ilaaliyo (A) iyo GVP ee dalagyada la qiyaasay ee lagu beeray dalagga la ilaaliyo ee 2017 (B) ee Australia.
Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah, GVP ee dalagga lagu beeray nidaamka-dalagga-ilaalinta ayaa ugu sarreeyay yaanyada (40%), taas oo ay hoggaamiso xad weyn marka loo eego dalagyada kale oo ay ku jiraan ubax (11%), strawberry (10%), miraha xagaaga (8% ) iyo berry (8%), iyadoo mid kasta oo ka mid ah dalagyada soo hadhay ay ka yihiin wax ka yar 5% (Jaantuska 3B). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, suuqa gudaha ee Australiya waxaa ka buuxsamay yaanyada aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo, taas oo ka tagaysa warshadaynta dalagga ee la ilaaliyo
oo leh labadan doorasho: kordhinta iibinta dalagyadan suuqyada caalamiga ah; iyo/ama in lagu dhiirigaliyo qaar ka mid ah beeralayda aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee dalka inay u gudbaan wax soo saarka dalagyada kale ee qiimaha sare leh. Qaybta dalagyada gaarka ah ee lagu beeray ilaalinta ayaa ugu sarreeyay berry (85%) iyo yaanyo (80%), waxaa ku xiga ubax (60%), qajaar (50%), cherry iyo khudaarta Aasiya (40%) strawberry iyo xagaaga
miraha (30%), blueberry iyo geedo yaryar (25%), iyo ugu dambeyntii, capsicum iyo eggplant, 20% midkiiba [17]. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, tamar- iyo tacab-beereedka gudaha gudaha waxay ku xaddidan yihiin dalagyada qiimaha sare leh ee lagu soo saari karo muddada gaaban iyada oo la adeegsanayo tamar hoose [46,47]
Warshadaha 'warshadaha', dalagyada ugu badan ee hadda la beero waa cagaar caleen iyo geedo leh, dalagyadaas xilliyada gaaban ee koraan (maxaa yeelay miraha iyo iniinaha looma baahna) iyo qiime sare [7], xaqiiqda ah in dalagyada noocan ahi ay u baahan yihiin iftiin yar. loogu talagalay photosynthesis [48] iyo sababtoo ah inta badan bioomass-ka dhirta ee la soo saaro waa la goosan karaa [46,49]. Waxaa jirta awood weyn oo lagu hagaajinayo wax-soo-saarka iyo tayada dalagyada ka baxa beeraha magaalooyinka [12].
3.2. Sahanka Warshadaha: Xaggee Danaha Ka-qaybgalayaashu Ku Been Yihiin?
Aqoonsiga mawduucyada cilmi-baarista muhiimka ah waa lagama maarmaan si loo hagaajiyo waxtarka cilmi-baarista guud iyo kuwa gaarka ah ee loo maalgeliyo mustaqbalka dalagga la ilaaliyo. Tusaale ahaan, Xarunta Cilmi-baarista Iskaashatada Nidaamyada Cuntada Mustaqbalka (FFSCRC), oo ay bilaabeen Ururka Beeralayda New South Wales (NSW Beeralayda), Jaamacadda New South Wales (UNSW) iyo Cunto Innovation Australia Ltd. (FIAL), waxay ka kooban tahay isbahaysi. in ka badan 60 asaas
warshadaha, dawladda iyo ka qaybgalayaasha cilmi-baarista. Barnaamijyadeeda cilmi baarista iyo kartida waxay ujeedadoodu tahay in lagu taageero ka qaybgalayaasha si ay u wanaajiyaan wax soo saarka nidaamyada cuntada ee gobollada iyo magaalooyinka ku xeeran, ka soo qaadashada alaabada cusub tusaalaha suuqa iyo hirgelinta silsiladaha sahayda ee si degdeg ah loo ilaaliyo, laga bilaabo beerta ilaa macaamilka. Si taas loo gaaro, FFSRC waxay bixisaa jawi cilmi-baaris oo iskaashi ah oo loogu talagalay hagaajinta dalagga la ilaaliyo si kor loogu qaado awooddayada aan u dhoofinno wax-soo-saarka dhirta tayada sare leh oo aan ka caawinno Australia inay noqoto hormuudka sayniska iyo tignoolajiyada qaybta la ilaaliyo-dalagga.
Ka qaybgalayaasha ayaa la sahamiyay si loo ogaado dalagyada la beegsanayo ee beeraha gudaha. Ka qaybgalayaasha tilmaamay dalagyada la beegsanayo, xiisaha khudaarta darayga ah (29%) ayaa ugu weyn, waxaana ku xigtay xiisaha dalagga miraha (22%); xashiishad daawo, geedo kale oo dawo ah iyo dalagyo gaar ah (13%); noocyada wadaniga ah/wadaniga ah (10%); boqoshaada/fungi (10%); iyo cagaarka caleenta ah (3%) (Jaantuska 4).
Jaantuska 4. Kala soocidda dalagyada ay hadda soo saaraan ka-qaybgalayaasha FFSCRC ee tas-hiilaadka dalag-beerista ee la ilaaliyo, sidaas awgeed, ka-qaybgalayaashu waxay u badan tahay inay danaynayaan inay xal u helaan u-kordhinta dalagyadan si wax-soo-saar leh oo hoostooda ah.
Sahanku wuxuu ku salaysan yahay macluumaadka ka qaybgalayaasha ee laga heli karo internetka; Helitaanka macluumaad faahfaahsan waxay muhiim u noqon doontaa fahamka iyo buuxinta shuruudaha gaarka ah ee ka qaybgalayaasha.
3.3. Taranta Dhaqan Cusub oo loogu talagalay Xarumaha Deegaanka la Xakameeyo
Tignoolajiyada taranta ee loo heli karo hagaajinta khudaarta iyo dhirta kale ee dalagga ayaa si degdeg ah u socda [50]. Dalagga la ilaaliyo, waax dhaqaale oo firfircoon oo leh isbeddel degdeg ah oo ku yimaadda isbeddellada suuqa iyo doorbidka macaamiisha, doorashada saxda ah waa muhiim [44,51]. Waxaa jira daraasado badan oo qiimeeya la qabsiga dalagyada qiimaha sare leh sida yaanyada iyo eggplant ee wax soo saarka aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo [52,53]. Tiknoolajiyada cusub ee taranka [50] ayaa fududeeyay horumarinta beero cusub oo leh astaamo la doonayo, shirkadaha qaarna waxay bilaabeen inay naqshadeeyaan dhirta si ay ugu koraan jawiga kontoroolka ee hoos yimaada nalalka LED [20]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, cultivars ayaa inta badan loo dhaqay si loo kordhiyo wax-soo-saarka iyadoo la raacayo xaaladaha beeraha ee aadka u kala duwan [46]. Dalagyada dalagyada sida dulqaadka abaarta, kulaylka iyo dhaxan - kuwaas oo la jecel yahay dalagyada beeraha ka baxa laakiin sida caadiga ah waxay qaadaan ganaaxyo wax-soo-saarka - guud ahaan looma baahna
beeraha gudaha.
Sifooyinka muhiimka ah ee lagu bartilmaameedsan karo laqabsiga dalagyada qiimaha sare leh ee beeraha gudaha waxaa ka mid ah wareegyo nololeed oo gaaban, ubax joogto ah, saamiga xidid-to-toog hooseeya, waxqabadka wanaajiyey ee hoos yimaada sawir-qaadista tamarta hoose, iyo sifooyinka macaamiisha ee la jecel yahay oo ay ku jiraan dhadhanka, midabka, texture iyo nuxurka nafaqeeyayaalka gaarka ah [12,13]. Intaa waxaa dheer, taranta gaar ahaan tayada sare waxay soo saari doontaa badeecooyin aad loo jecel yahay oo qiimo sare leh suuqa. Muuqaalka iftiinka, heerkulka, qoyaanka iyo sahayda nafaqeynta ayaa la maareyn karaa si loo beddelo ururinta xeryahooda bartilmaameedka ah ee caleemaha iyo miraha [54,55] iyo kordhinta qiimaha nafaqada ee dalagyada, oo ay ku jiraan borotiinnada (tirada iyo tayada), fiitamiinada A, C iyo E, carotenoids, flavonoids, macdanta, glycosides iyo anthocyanins [12]. Tusaale ahaan, isbeddellada dabiiciga ah ee ku dhaca canabka iyo tafatirka hidda-wadaha (kiwifruit) ayaa loo isticmaalay in lagu beddelo qaab-dhismeedka dhirta, taas oo faa'iido u yeelan doonta koritaanka gudaha ee meelaha xaddidan. Daraasad dhowaan la sameeyay, yaanyada iyo dhirta cherry ayaa lagu farsameeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo CRISPR-Cas9 si ay isugu geeyaan saddexda dabeecadood ee soo socda: phenotype dwarf, caado korriin is haysta iyo ubax hore. Ku habboonaanta ka soo baxa noocyada yaanyada 'la habeeyey' ee loogu talagalay isticmaalka hababka beerashada gudaha ayaa la ansixiyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo beero iyo tijaabooyin beero toosan ah [56].
Dib u eegis lagu sameeyay taranta molecular si loo abuuro dalagyo la hagaajiyay ayaa ka wada hadlay qiimaha dheeriga ah ee wax soo saarka beeraha iyadoo la horumarinayo dalagyada beeraha leh faa'iidooyin caafimaad iyo dawooyin la cuni karo [46]. Hababka ugu muhiimsan ee lagu horumarinayo dalagyada beeraha ee leh faa'iidooyinka caafimaadka ayaa lagu aqoonsaday inay yihiin ururinta tiro badan oo nafaqo gudaha ah ama hoos u dhigista xeryahooda aan loo baahnayn, iyo ururinta xeryahooda qiimaha leh
sida caadiga ah lama soo saaro dalagga.
4. Caqabadaha iyo Fursadaha ku jira Dalagga la ilaaliyo iyo Beerashada Gudaha
Tas-hiilaadka beerashada-horumarsan ee ilaalinta-abuurka iyo tas-hiilaadka-beeraha-gudaha ayaa leh saameyn yar oo deegaanka ah. In kasta oo dalagyada hoostooda lagu beero ay ka tamar badan yihiin habab beereedka kale oo badan, awoodda lagu dhimo saamaynta cimilada, la hubiyo in la raad raaco iyo in la beero cunto tayo wanaagsan ayaa kor u qaadaysa keenista joogta ah ee wax soo saarka tayada leh, soo jiidashada soo-noqoshada kuwaas oo aad uga miisaan culus kharashyada wax-soo-saarka dheeraadka ah. [18] Caqabadaha muhiimka ah ee beerashada la ilaaliyo waxaa ka mid ah:
• Kharashka raasumaalka oo sarreeya, sababtoo ah qiimaha dhulka oo sarreeya ee gudaha magaalada iyo agagaarka magaalooyinka;
• Isticmaalka tamarta sare;
Baahida shaqaale xirfad leh;
• Maareynta cudurrada iyada oo aan la xakameynin kiimikada; iyo
• Horumarinta tusmooyinka tayada nafaqeynta-si loo qeexo loona caddeeyo dhinacyada tayada wax-soo-saarka-dalagyada ka baxa gudaha gudaha.
Qaybta soo socota, waxaan kaga hadlaynaa qaar ka mid ah caqabadaha iyo fursadaha la xiriira dalagga la ilaaliyo.
4.1. Xaaladaha ugu Wanaagsan ee Wax soo saarka Sare iyo Isticmaalka Khayraadka Waxtarka leh
Faham weyn oo ku saabsan shuruudaha dalagga ee heerarka kala duwan ee koritaanka iyo xaaladaha kala duwan ee iftiinka waa lama huraan haddii beeralayda ay tahay inay ilaaliyaan wax soo saarka dalagga kharash-ku-ool ah ee deegaannada la xakameeyey. Maareynta hufan ee deegaanka aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo, oo ay ku jiraan cimiladeeda iyo cunsurrada nafaqada, iyo qaab dhismeedka iyo sidoo kale xaaladaha farsamada, waxay kordhin karaan tayada miraha waxayna si weyn u soo saari karaan [57]. Qodobbada deegaanka koritaanku waxay saamayn karaan koritaanka dhirta, heerarka uumiga iyo wareegyada jireed. Waxaa ka mid ah arrimaha cimilada, shucaaca qorraxda ayaa ah kan ugu muhiimsan maadaama photosynthesis uu u baahan yahay iftiin, iyo wax-soo-saarka dalagga ayaa si toos ah u dhigma heerarka iftiinka qoraxda ilaa meelaha iftiinka iftiinka ee photosynthesis. Marar badan, kontoroolka saxda ah ee deegaanka wuxuu u baahan yahay kharash tamar sare leh, taas oo yaraynaysa faa'iidada beeraha deegaanka ee la xakameeyey. Tamarta looga baahan yahay kuleylka iyo qaboojinta aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ayaa weli ah welwel weyn iyo bartilmaameedka kuwa doonaya inay dhimaan kharashaadka tamarta [6]. Alaabta dhalaalaysa iyo tignoolajiyada cusub ee dhalooyinka sida Smart Glass [58] waxay bixiyaan fursado rajo leh oo lagu dhimayo kharashka la xidhiidha ilaalinta heerkulka aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo iyo xakamaynta doorsoomayaasha deegaanka. Maalmahan, tignoolajiyada cusub ee dhalooyinka iyo nidaamyada qaboojinta waxtarka leh ayaa lagu daraa dalagga la ilaaliyo ee tas-hiilaadka dhalooyinka. Alaabta dhalaalaysa ayaa awood u leh inay yaraato
Isticmaalka korantada, adoo nuugaya shucaaca qorraxda ee xad-dhaafka ah iyo dib u habeynta tamarta iftiinka si loo dhaliyo koronto iyadoo la adeegsanayo unugyada sawir-qaadista [59,60].
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, alaabta daboolka ah waxay saameeyaan microclimates aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo [61,62] oo ay ku jiraan iftiinka [63] sidaas darteed waa muhiim in la qiimeeyo saameynta alaabta cusub ee dhaldhalaalka ah ee koritaanka dhirta iyo physiology, isticmaalka kheyraadka, wax-soo-saarka dalagga iyo tayada deegaanka kuwaas oo arrimo sida CO2, heerkulka, nafaqooyinka iyo waraabka si adag ayaa loo xakameeyaa. Tusaale ahaan, semi-transparent Organic Photovoltaics (OPVs) oo ku salaysan isku darka poly regioregular poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), iyo phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) ayaa la tijaabiyey si loo beero dhirta basbaaska (Capsicum annuum). Hooska OPV-yada, dhirta basbaaska ayaa soo saartay 20.2% miro badan iyo dhirta hadhku waxay ahaayeen 21.8% ka dheer dhammaadka xilliga koritaanka [64]. Daraasad kale, hoos u dhigista PAR ee ay sababtay muraayadaha sawir-qaadista ee dabacsan ee saqafka ma saameynin wax-soo-saarka, qaab-dhismeedka dhirta, tirada ubaxa laanta, midabka miraha, adkeynta iyo pH [65].
Filim ultra-hooseeya 'muraayad caqli-gal ah', Solar Gard™ ULR-80 [58], ayaa hadda lagu tijaabiyay wax soo saarka dhalooyinka. Ujeeddadu waa in la xaqiijiyo awoodda agabka dhalaalaysa ee gudbinta iftiinka la hagaajin karo iyo in la yareeyo kharashka tamarta sare ee la xidhiidha hawlgallada farsamada sare ee xarumaha dhirta lagu koriyo. Filimka Smart Glass (SG) waxaa lagu dabaqayaa galaaska caadiga ah ee qolalka galaaska ee gaarka ah ee tas-hiilaadka beeraya dalagyada khudaarta iyadoo la adeegsanayo hab-dhaqannada maaraynta tooska ah ee ganacsiga [66,67]. Tijaabooyinka Eggplant ee hoos yimaada SG waxay muujiyeen tamar sare iyo waxtarka bacriminta [42], laakiin sidoo kale waxay hoos u dhigtay wax-soo-saarka eggplant, sababtoo ah heerarka sare ee ubaxa iyo / ama ilmo iska soo rididda miraha taas oo ka dhalatay photosynthesis xaddidan oo iftiin leh [58]. Filimka SG ee la isticmaalay waxa laga yaabaa inuu u baahdo wax ka bedel si loo dhaliyo xaaladaha iftiinka ugu fiican oo loo yareeyo xaddidaadaha iftiinka ee miraha-kaarboon-heer sare sida eggplant.
Isticmaalka qalabka cusub ee tamarta-badbaadinta glazing sida muraayadda smart ayaa siinaya fursad aad u fiican si loo yareeyo kharashka tamarta ee hawlaha galaas iyo kor loogu qaado xaaladaha iftiinka ee beerashada dalagyada la beegsanayo. Filimada daboolka leh ee sida luminescent-light filimaanta beeraha sii daaya (LLEAF) waxay awood u leeyihiin inay wanaajiyaan sidoo kalena xakameeyaan korriinka daaqsinka iyo horumarka taranka ee dalagga la ilaaliyo ee farsamada-dhexe. LLEAF
muraayadaha waxaa lagu tijaabin karaa noocyo kala duwan oo ubaxyo ah iyo dalagyo aan ubax lahayn si loo go'aamiyo in ay gacan ka geystaan kordhinta koritaanka daaqsinka iyo taranka (iyadoo la beddelayo hababka jireed ee taageera koritaanka dhirta iyo wax soo saarka dalagga iyo tayada).
4.2. Maareynta Cayayaanka iyo Cudurrada
In kasta oo tas-hiilaadka dalag-beerista ee la ilaaliyo laga yaabo inay yareeyaan cayayaanka iyo cudurrada, marka la soo bandhigo, aad bay u adag yihiin oo waa qaali in la xakameeyo iyada oo aan la isticmaalin kiimikooyinka sunta ah. Beerashada tooska ah ee gudaha waxay u oggolaaneysaa in si dhow loola socdo dalagyada calaamadaha cayayaanka ama cudurrada, gacanta iyo/ama si toos ah (adoo isticmaalaya teknoolojiyadda dareenka) iyo qaadashada tignoolajiyada soo koraya ee robotka iyo/ama hababka dareemida fog ayaa fududeyn doona
ogaanshaha hore ee dillaaca iyo ka-saarista dhirta buka iyo/ama jirran [7].
Hababka maaraynta cayayaanka ee isku dhafan ee cusub (IPM) [68] ayaa looga baahan doonaa maaraynta waxtarka leh ee cayayaanka ku jira aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo. Xeeladaha maaraynta ku habboon (dhaqanka, jidhka, farsamada, noolaha iyo kiimikaad), oo ay weheliyaan dhaqamada dhaqameed ee wanaagsan, farsamooyinka kormeerka sare iyo aqoonsiga saxda ah waxay hagaajin karaan wax soo saarka khudradda iyadoo la yareynayo ku tiirsanaanta codsiyada cayayaanka. Habka isku dhafan ee maaraynta cudurka waxaa ka mid ah isticmaalka beero adkaysi u leh, nadaafadda, dhaqamada dhaqameed ee suubban iyo isticmaalka habboon ee sunta cayayaanka [44]. Horumarinta xeeladaha cusub ee IPM waxay yarayn kartaa kharashka shaqada iyo baahida loo qabo in lagu isticmaalo sunta cayayaanka kiimikada. Qaado, tusaale ahaan, isticmaalka cayayaanka cusub, ganacsi ahaan loo koray, dabiici ahaan faa'iido u leh (tusaale, aphid midge, xargaha cagaaran, iwm.) si loo maareeyo cayayaanka dalagga loona yareeyo ku tiirsanaanta xakamaynta kiimikada. Tijaabinta IPM kala duwan oo cusub
Istaraatiijiyad, gooni-gooni ah iyo isku-dar, waxay gacan ka geysan doonaan horumarinta talooyinka u gaarka ah dalagga-iyo tas-hiilaadka ee beeraleyda.
4.3. Tayada Dalagga iyo Qiimaha Nafaqada
Dalagga la ilaaliyo ayaa siiya beeraleyda iyo la-hawlgalayaasha warshadaha wax-soo-saar sare iyo wax-soo-saar tayo sare leh sanadka oo dhan [69]. Kobcinta miraha iyo khudaarta qaaliga ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay u baahan tahay tijaabinta heer sare ee nafaqada iyo tayada [70]. Halbeegyada tayada miraha aasaasiga ah waxaa ka mid ah nuxurka qoyaanka, pH, wadarta adkaha milmay, dambas, midabka miraha, ascorbic acid iyo titratable acidity, iyo cabbirrada nafaqo ee horumarsan oo ay ku jiraan sonkorta, dufanka, borotiinka, fiitamiinnada iyo antioxidants; adkeynta iyo cabbirada lumista biyaha ayaa sidoo kale muhiim u ah qeexida tusmooyinka tayada [66]. Waxaa intaa dheer, tijaabinta tayada sare leh ee wax soo saarka dalagga waxaa lagu dari karaa nidaamka hawlgalka aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo oo iswada. Baadhitaanka genotypes dalagga ee la heli karo ee cabbirrada tayada waxay siin doontaa miro iyo khudaar cusub oo qiimo sare leh, nafaqo leh oo loogu talagalay beeralayda iyo macaamiisha. Xeeladaha beeraha oo ay ku jiraan deegaanka koritaanka iyo hab-dhaqannada maaraynta dalagga ayaa u baahan doona in la hagaajiyo si kor loogu qaado wax soo saarka iyo cufnaanta dhirta ee dalagga qiimaha sare leh.
4.4. Helitaanka Shaqo iyo Xirfad-Shaqonimo
Shuruudaha shaqada ee warshadaha wax-soo-saarka la ilaaliyo way sii kordhayaan (>5% sannadkii) waxaana lagu qiyaasaa in in ka badan 10,000 oo qof oo Australia oo dhan ah ay hadda si toos ah uga shaqeeyaan warshadaha. In kasta oo ay leedahay heerar sare oo otomaatig ah, dalagga baaxadda leh ee la ilaaliyo wuxuu u baahan yahay xoog shaqaale oo muhiim ah, gaar ahaan abuuritaanka dalagga, dayactirka dalagga, mandaynta farsamada iyo goosashada wax soo saarka. Iyadoo baahida sii kordheysa
Beeralayda xirfadda sare leh, saadka shaqaalaha ku habboon ayaa weli hooseeya [18,71]. Xoog shaqaale xirfad leh ayaa sidoo kale looga baahan doonaa horumarinta beerashada tooska ah ee magaalooyinka, taas oo abuuri doonta xirfado cusub oo loogu talagalay tignoolajiyada, maareeyayaasha mashruuca, shaqaalaha dayactirka iyo suuqgeynta iyo shaqaalaha tafaariiqda [7]. Samaynta tas-hiilaadka horumarsan ee ujeedooyinka badan ee ganacsiga waxay siinaysaa fursad wax looga qabto su'aalaha cilmi-baadhista, si loo sii wanaajiyo himilada kor loogu qaadayo wax-soo-saarka noocyada kala duwan ee dalagyada iyadoo la siinayo waxbarasho iyo tababar xirfado ay u badan tahay inay baahi weyn u qabaan mustaqbalka waaxda-dalagga-dalagga.
5. Gabagabo
Guryaha lagu koriyo ee teknoolajiyada sare leh ee leh tignoolajiyada caqliga leh, waxaa jirta awood weyn oo lagu wanaajin karo faa'iidada iyadoo la toosinayo meelaha muhiimka ah iyo/ama shaqada xoogga leh sida la socodka dalagga, pollination, iyo goosashada. Horumarinta AI, robotics iyo ML waxay furayaan cabbirro cusub oo beerashada la ilaaliyo. Beeraha toosan waxay ka kooban yihiin qayb yar oo ka mid ah suuqa beeraha adduunka, inkastoo ay yihiin kuwo tamar badan leh, beerashada toosan waxay bixisaa wax soo saar aan la barbar dhigi karin oo leh heerar sare oo biyo ah iyo waxtarka nafaqo. Wax-soo-saarka dhaqaale ee dalagyada kala duwani waa lama huraan haddii wax-soo-saarka dalagga la ilaaliyo la rabo inuu saamayn togan ku yeesho sugnaanta cuntada adduunka. Nidaamyada dalagga ee tignoolajiyada hoose iyo kuwa dhexdhexaadka ah waxay soo saaraan yaanyo, qajaar, zucchini, kaabsicum, eggplant iyo dalagyada salaar, oo ay la socdaan cagaarka Aasiya iyo geedo yaryar.
Horumarinta tas-hiilaadka deegaanka ee baaxadda weyn ee la kantaroolo ee Australia waxay ku koobnayd ugu horrayn tamaandhada beeranaysa. Samaynta beero ku habboon waxay u baahan doontaa in la wanaajiyo dhowr sifo oo muhiim ah oo ka duwan kuwa loo arko in laga doonayo dalagga dibadda. Tilmaamaha muhiimka ah ee lagu beegsan karo beeraha gudaha waxaa ka mid ah wareegga nolosha dalagga oo yaraada, ubax joogto ah, saamiga xidid-to-toog hooseeya, kor u kaca waxqabadka hoostiisa sawir-qaadista
gelinta tamarta, iyo sifaadka macaamilka ee la jecel yahay, sida dhadhanka, midabka, dhadhanka iyo nafaqooyinka gaarka ah.
Intaa waxaa dheer, taranta gaar ahaan tayada sare, dalagyada cufan ee nafaqeynta ayaa soo saari doona alaabada dhirta (iyo suurtogalka ah, daawooyinka) ee la jecel yahay oo leh qiimo suuqeed aad u fiican. Faa'iidada iyo joogtaynta dalagga la ilaaliyo waxay ku xiran tahay horumarinta xalalka caqabadaha aasaasiga ah oo ay ku jiraan kharashka bilowga, isticmaalka tamarta, shaqaale xirfad leh, maaraynta cayayaanka iyo horumarinta tayada-index.
Qalabka cusub ee dhaldhalaalka ah iyo horumarka tignoolajiyada ee hadda la baarayo ama la tijaabiyey ayaa bixiya xalal wax looga qabanayo mid ka mid ah caqabadaha ugu adag ee beerista. Horumarradan ayaa, suurtogal ah, inay bixiyaan kobcinta lagama maarmaanka ah si ay u caawiyaan qaybta dalagga la ilaaliyo u gudubka heer tamar-wax-ku-ool ah oo waara oo kharash-ku-ool ah iyo buuxinta baahida sii kordheysa ee sugnaanta cuntada, iyadoo la ilaalinayo tayada dalagga iyo nafaqada.
nuxurka, iyo yaraynta waxyeelada deegaanka waxyeelada leh.
Wax ku biirinta Qoraaga: SGC ayaa qoray dib u eegista iyada oo la socota fikrado iyo dib u eegis ay bixiyeen DTT, Z.-HC, OG iyo CIC Dhammaan qorayaashu way akhriyeen oo ku raaceen nooca la daabacay ee qoraal-gacmeedka.
MaalgelintaDib-u-eegistu waxay ku salaysan tahay warbixin loo wakiishay oo ay maalgelisay Xarunta Cilmi-baadhista Iskaashatada Nidaamyada Cuntada Mustaqbalka, taas oo taageerta wada shaqaynta ay warshaduhu hoggaaminayaan ee u dhexeeya warshadaha, cilmi-baarayaasha, iyo bulshada. Waxaan sidoo kale ka helnay taageero maaliyadeed mashaariicda Horticulture Innovation Australia (Lambarka deeqda VG16070 ilaa DTT, Z.-HC, OG, CIC; Lambarka deeqda VG17003 ilaa DTT, Z.-HC; Lambarka deeqda LP18000 ilaa Z.-HC) iyo CRC mashruuca P2 -013 (DTT, Z.-HC, OG, CIC).
Qoraalka Guddiga Dib-u-eegista Hay'adaha: Ma khuseyso.
Bayaanka Oggolaanshaha Xog-ogaalka ah: Ma khuseyso.
Bayaanka Helitaanka Xogta: Ma khuseyso.
Khilaafaadka Danta: Qorayaashu ma sheegaan khilaafka danta.
tixraacyada
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