Jianming Xie1,2 & Jihua Yu1,2 & Baihong Chen1,2 & Zhi Feng1,2 & Jian Lyu1,2 & Linli Hu1,2 & Yantai Gan3 &
Kadambot HM Siddique4
1. Shaybaadhka Muhiimka ah ee Gobolka Gansu ee Sayniska Dalagga Beeraha, Jaamacadda Beeraha ee Gansu, Lanzhou 730070, Shiinaha
2. Kulliyadda Beeraha, Jaamacadda Beeraha ee Gansu, Lanzhou 730070, Shiinaha
3. Beeraha iyo Agri-Food Canada, Xarunta Cilmi-baarista iyo Horumarinta ee Hadda, Degdegta hadda, SK S9H 3X2, Kanada
4. Machadka Beeraha ee UWA iyo Dugsiga Beeraha & Deegaanka, Jaamacadda Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia
aan la taaban karin
Gobollada/wadamada dadku ku nool yihiin ee dhaqaalahoodu xawli ku socdo, sida Afrika, Shiinaha, iyo Hindiya, dhul-beereedka ayaa si xawli ah u sii yaraanaya sababtoo ah dhismaha magaalooyinka iyo isticmaalka kale ee warshadaha dhulka. Tani waxay abuurtaa caqabado aan horay loo arag si loo soo saaro cunto ku filan si loo qanciyo baahida cuntada ee korodhay. Malaayiin hektar oo saxare ah oo aan la beeran karin ma lagu horumarin karaa wax soo saarka cuntada? Tamarta cadceedda ee aadka loo heli karo ma loo isticmaali karaa wax-soo-saarka dalagga deegaannada la xakameeyey, sida aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee qorraxda? Halkan, waxaan dib u eegis ku samaynaa nidaamka beerashada cusub, kuwaas oo "Gobi beeraha." Waxaan ogaanay in nidaamka cusub ee beeraha Gobi uu leeyahay lix astaamood oo gaar ah: (i) waxay isticmaashaa kheyraadka dhulka sida saxaraha oo kale leh tamarta cadceedda oo ah isha kaliya ee tamarta si ay u soo saarto miro iyo khudaar cusub sanadka oo dhan, si ka duwan wax soo saarka aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee caadiga ah halkaasoo baahida tamarta ay tahay. ku qanacsan tahay gubista shidaalka fosil ama isticmaalka korontada; (ii) rucubyada qaybaha beerashada ee gaarka ah ayaa lagu sameeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo agab gudaha laga heli karo sida ciidda dhoobada ah ee darbiyada waqooyi ee xarumaha; (iii) Wax-soo-saarka dhulka (wax soo saarka cusub halkii halbeeg sannadkii) waa 10-27 jeer ka sarreeya iyo waxtarka isticmaalka biyaha dalagga 20-35 jeer ka weyn nidaamka beerashada bannaan ee caadiga ah, waraabka; (iv) Nafaqooyinka dalagga waxaa lagu bixiyaa inta badan iyada oo la sii maraayo substrates organic ka sameysan gudaha, taas oo yareyneysa isticmaalka bacriminta aan organic ahayn ee wax soo saarka dalagga; (v) Alaabooyinku waxay leeyihiin raad deegaan oo hooseeya marka loo eego beerashada bannaanka sababtoo ah tamarta cadceedda oo ah isha kaliya ee tamarta iyo wax-soosaarka dalagga sare ee cutubkii wax-soo-saarka; iyo (vi) waxay abuurtaa shaqo miyiga, taasoo wanaajisa xasiloonida bulshooyinka miyiga. Halka nidaamkan lagu tilmaamay a "Gobi-land mucjiso" horumarinta dhaqan-dhaqaale, caqabado badan ayaa u baahan in wax laga qabto, sida caqabadaha biyaha, badbaadada badeecada, iyo saamaynta deegaanka. Waxaan soo jeedinaynaa in siyaasado khuseeya la soo saaro si loo hubiyo in nidaamku kor u qaado wax soo saarka cuntada iyo kor u qaadida dhaqaalaha bulshada reer miyiga iyadoo la ilaalinayo deegaanka bay'ada jilicsan.
Hordhac
Dhulka Carable ee beeralayda waa kheyraad xaddidan (Liu et al. 2017). Waddamada dhaqaalahoodu xawli ku socdo, sida Shiinaha, Hindiya, iyo Afrika, dhul badan oo wax-beereed ayaa loo beddelay isticmaalka warshadaha (Cakir et al. 2008; Xu et al. 2000). Sababo la xiriira magaalaynta degdega ah ee u tartamaysa dhulka beeraha (Zhang et al. 2016; Mueller iyo al. 2012), waxaa jira caqabad aan horay loo arag oo ku saabsan kordhinta wax soo saarka dalagga si loo qanciyo baahida cuntada iyo doorbidida dadka sii kordhaya ee bini'aadamka (Godfray et al. 2010). Waxaa suurtogal ah in dalalka horumaray ee leh dhul baaxad leh oo lagu beeran karo, sida Australia, Canada, iyo USA, ay dhul-daaqsimeedka u rogi karaan dhul-beereedka suuqyada badarka adduunka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, samaynta sidaas waxay soo dedejin kartaa luminta kaydka kaarboonka waxayna ku yeelan kartaa saameyn weyn oo xun deegaanka (Godfray). 2011).
Deegaano badan oo oomane ah iyo kuwo aan badnayn, waxaa jira meelo aad u ballaaran "Gobi land" (oo lagu qeexay dhul aan la beeran karin), oo ay ku jiraan 1.95 milyan hektar oo dhul ah nooca lamadegaanka ah ee lixda gobol ee waqooyi-galbeed ee Shiinaha (Liu et al. 2010). Shiinuhu waxa uu wadaa dadaal wadajir ah oo uu ku horumarinayo dhulkan Gobi wax-soo-saarka cuntada isagoo isticmaalaya hab cusub oo wax-soo-saarka beeraha, oo lagu magacaabo "Gobi beeraha." Waxa aanu ku qeexnay habkan wax-beereedka sida "Nidaamka beerashada oo leh koox ka kooban gudaha gudaha laga dhisay, unug-beero-beeris ah oo ku shaqeeya cadceedda si loogu soo saaro wax-soo-saar sare, midho cusub oo tayo sare leh (khudradda, miraha iyo qurxinta) si wax ku ool ah, hufan oo dhaqaale leh." (Xie et al. 2017). Nidaamyada kutlada casriga ah qaarkood, xaaladaha cimilada ee cutubyada gaarka ah waa lala socon karaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo xog-gooyeyaal. Si ka duwan aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee caadiga ah ama guryaha quraarada ah halkaas oo kuleylinta iyo qaboojinta (laba kharash oo waaweyn oo ku lug leh wax soo saarka aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo) ayaa inta badan lagu bixiyaa gubasho shidaal fosil ah (naaftada, saliidda shidaalka, batroolka dareeraha ah, gaaska) oo kordhiya CO2 qiiqa sii daaya, ama isticmaalka kuleyliyeyaasha korantada ee isticmaala tamar badan (Hassanien et al. 2016; Wang et al. 2017), "Gobi beeraha" Nidaamyadu waxay si buuxda ugu tiirsan yihiin tamarta qorraxda si ay u kululeeyaan, u qaboojiyaan, iyo u beddelka tamarta dabiiciga ah ee noolaha dhirta.
Sannadihii u dambeeyay, isticmaalka dhulka Gobi ee wax-soo-saarka cuntada ayaa si xawli ah ugu kobcayay Shiinaha (Zhang et al. 2015). Gobollada waqooyi-galbeed, habka beerashada dhulka Gobi ayaa soo saara qayb weyn oo ka mid ah khudaarta laga isticmaalo gobolka. Nidaamkani waxa uu door muhiim ah ka ciyaarayaa xaqiijinta haqab-beelka cuntada, kordhinta joogtaynta cilmiga-bulshada, iyo kor u qaadida jiritaanka bulshada miyiga. Dad badan ayaa tixgalinaya beerahan Gobi land a "dhul cusub" habka beerashada. Tilmaamaha ugu muhiimsan ee nidaamka ayaa ah fursadda wax-soo-saarka cuntada ee dhul aan wax-soo-saar lahayn. Nidaamkan cusub ee beerashada waxa laga yaabaa inuu noqdo tallaabo kacaan ah oo loo qaaday dhinaca beeraha casriga ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa jirta xog la’aan ku saabsan horumarka cilmiyaysan ee hababka wax-beerashada Gobi-land. Su'aalo badan ayaa weli jawaab la'aan ah: Nidaamkani si waara miyuu u noqonayaa mid warshadeed oo khudradeed oo waaweyn? Sidee habka wax-beerashada dhulka Gobi u saameeyaa deegaanka deegaanka mustaqbalka fog? Tani ma karaa "lagu sameeyey-in-China" Qaabka beerashada ayaa lagu dabaqaa aagagga kale ee qalalan ee leh dhulbeereedka dhul-beereedku sii yaraanayo, sida waqooyiga Kazakhstan (Kraemer et al. 2015Siberiya (Halicki iyo Kulizhsky 2015), iyo bartamaha gobollada waqooyiga Afrika (de Grassi iyo Salah Ovadia 2017)?
Su'aalahan maskaxda ku hayna, waxaanu samaynay dib u eegis suugaaneed dhamaystiran oo ku saabsan horumaradii ugu dambeeyay iyo natiijooyinka cilmi-baarista muhiimka ah ee ku saabsan habka beerashada. Ujeeddooyinka warqadani waxay ahaayeen (i) in la muujiyo horumarka sayniska ee hababka wax-beereedka Gobi-dhulka ee laga qaatay waqooyiga Shiinaha, oo ay ku jiraan wax soo saarka dalagga, waxtarka isticmaalka biyaha (WUE), sifooyinka isticmaalka nafaqada iyo tamarta, iyo saamaynta deegaanka iyo deegaanka ee iman kara; (ii) ka wadahadlaan caqabadaha waaweyn ee horyaala nidaamka, sida helitaanka biyaha waraabka, tayada iyo badbaadada wax soo saarka, iyo saamaynta ay ku yeelan karaan xasiloonida iyo horumarka bulshada reer miyiga ah; iyo (iii) ay bixiyaan talooyin ku saabsan dejinta siyaasadda iyo mudnaanta cilmi-baarista ee sahaminta caafimaadka leh iyo horumarinta muddada fog ee hababka beerashada dhulka Gobi.
Dib u eegis kooban oo ku saabsan kaabayaasha nidaamka dhulka Gobi
Si loo fahmo sida habka beerashada dhulka Gobi u shaqeeyo, waxaanu bixinay sharraxaad kooban oo ku saabsan qaabaynta, injineernimada, iyo dhismahooda. Faahfaahin dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan kaabayaasha ayaa ku jira dib u eegis dhowaan (Xie et al. 2017). Nidaamka dhul-beereedka Gobi wuxuu ku dhisan yahay dhulka Gobi oo aan la beerin, halkaas oo wax-soo-saarka dalaggii caadiga ahaa aanu suurtogal ahayn. Dhulka Gobi ayaa laga dhisay "kooxo" Unugyada wax-soo-saarka gaarka ah. Xarunta caadiga ah ee urursan waxay ka kooban tahay dhowr (ilaa boqollaal) unugyo beerasho gaar ah ama guryo (Sawir. 1a) Xaaladaha cimilada yar yar ee qayb kasta oo beero ah waxaa kormeera xarun kontarool oo dhexe halkaas oo dareemayaasha fog,
Xaaladaha cimilada yar yar, sida heerkulka hawada iyo qoyaanka, ayaa lagu hagaajin karaa qaybo beerashada qaarkood, halka hababka kale ee kormeerka ay u oggolaanayaan bacriminta tooska ah. Qaar ka mid ah tignoolajiyada horumarsan sida internetka walxaha (Wang iyo Xu 2016) ama internetka waxyaabaha (Li et al. 2013) waxaa lagu rakibi karaa xarunta kantaroolka si loo bixiyo akhrin sax ah oo ku saabsan xogta cimilo-yareedka ee laga soo gudbiyo unugyada beerashada shaqsiyeed. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kuwaas oo aan si ballaaran loo hirgelin kharashka badan awgeed.
Qaybta beerashada ee caadiga ah oo ku dhex jirta xarun la ururiyey waxay u jihaysan tahay bari-galbeed oo waxay leedahay saddex darbi oo dhinaca waqooyi, bari iyo galbeed ee dhismaha. Dhinaca koonfureed ee qaabdhismeedku waa saqaf foorarsan oo uu taageerayo bir oo lagu daboolay filim caag ah oo hufan (Sawir. 2). Saqafka si habboon ayaa loo leexiyay si loo hubiyo gudbinta iftiinka waxtarka leh inta lagu jiro maalinta (Zhang et al. 2014). Tamarta qorraxda waxa lagu kaydiyaa cufka kulaylka ee darbiyada waxaana lagu sii daayaa kulayl ahaan habeenkii. Xilliga jiilaalka, saqafka waxaa lagu daboolaa gogosha cawska guriga lagu sameeyo habeen kasta si loo ilaaliyo heerkulka gudaha (Tong et al. 2013).
Qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah qayb kasta oo wax-beerasho ah waa derbiga woqooyi kaas oo laga dhisay alaabta gudaha laga heli karo sida leben dhoobada (Wang et al. 2014), blocks cawska dalagga (Zhang et al. 2017, leben caadi ah oo leh styrofoam (Xu et al. 2013), duuli unugyo dhagax-buureed (Xu et al. 2013), dhoobo dhoobo ah oo lagu daray hoobiye sibidhka (Chen et al. 2012), dhulka la qabsaday (Guan et al. 2013), ama carro ceeriin ah oo lagu daray blocks shub ah. Unugyada qaarkood, gidaarka waqooyi ayaa laga dhisay "walax beddeleysa" si kor loogu qaado kaydinta kulaylka iyo is-weydaarsiga, iyo, sidaa darteed, la yareeyo isbedbeddelka heerkulka koritaanka dhirta (Guan et al. 2012).
Mid ka mid ah farqiga weyn ee u dhexeeya tas-hiilaadka dhulka Gobi ee la isku urursan yahay iyo aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ama dhalooyinka dhaqameed waa isha korontada. Qayb kasta oo wax-beerasho ah oo ka tirsan nidaamka dhulka Gobi ee urursan waxa gebi ahaanba ku shaqeeya tamarta cadceedda. Shucaaca cadceedda waxaa nuuga gidaarka waqooyi maalintii oo soo daaya habeenkii. Tamar aan la isticmaalin maalintii waa il tamar firfircoon habeenkii. A "daah-biyood" nidaamka waxaa sida caadiga ah loo isticmaalaa in lagu bixiyo kulayl dheeri ah inta lagu jiro habeenka jiilaalka, halkaas oo qayb yar oo dhulka ka mid ah unugga dhexdiisa ay ka buuxsameen biyo si loogu isticmaalo warbaahinta kulaylka-isweydaarsiga (Xie et al. 2017). Maalintii, biyuhu waxay wareegaan oo dhex maraan daahyada biyaha nuugaya, iyagoo kulaylka xad dhaafka ah ee shucaaca cadceedda ku kaydsan jidhka biyaha; habeenkii, biyaha diirran ayaa wareegaya oo dhex mara daahyada biyaha iyadoo kulaylku sii daayo hawada gudaha cutubka. Waxtarka kaydinta tamarta ee "daah-biyood" Nidaamku wuxuu ku xiran yahay arrimo badan, sida shucaaca qorraxda tooska ah, shucaaca qorraxda ee isotropic ee cirka, hufnaanta atmospheric, iyo gudbinta kulaylka filimka caagga ah ee saqafka (Han et al. 2014). Horumarka hababka wax-beerashada, habab kululaynta oo aad u casrisan ayaa loo sameeyay si loo hagaajiyo kaydinta kulaylka iyo sii deynta.
Horumarka cilmiyaysan ee hababka beerashada dhulka Gobi
Hababka beerashada dhulka Gobi waxa ay ka duwan yihiin beerashada beeralayda bannaan ee soo jireenka ah oo ay dalagyadu yihiin kuwo roob lagu beero ama lagu waraabiyo. Waxay sidoo kale kaga duwan yihiin beerashada dalagyada lagu koriyo ama dhalooyinka caadiga ah halkaas oo tamarta inta badan laga helo gaaska dabiiciga ah ama korontada. Nidaamyada beerashada dhulka Gobi waxay leeyihiin astaamo u gaar ah, kuwaas oo qaarkood hoos lagu muujiyey.
Wax soo saarka dalagga oo kordhay
Dalagyada ka baxa xarumaha dhulka Gobi ayaa ah kuwo wax soo saarkoodu aad u sareeyo iyadoo si aad ah uga saraysa waxtarka isticmaalka dhulka (tusaale, wax-soo-saarka dalag kasta ee dhulkii la isticmaalay) marka loo eego beerashada bannaan ee soo jireenka ah. Tusaale ahaan, gobolka bari ee Hexi Corridor ee Waqooyi-galbeed ee Shiinaha wuxuu leeyahay muddo dheer (1960).-2009) Muddada qorraxda sanadlaha ah ee 2945 h, celceliska heerkulka hawada sanadlaha ah 7.2 °C, iyo muddada dhaxan-free ee 155 maalmood (Chai et al. 2014c; Unugyada kulaylka ayaa ka badan ku filan inay soo saaraan hal dalagga sannadkii laakiin kuma filna inay soo saaraan laba dalag sannadkii iyadoo la raacayo hababka caadiga ah ee bannaanka bannaan. Nidaamka Gobi-land, dalagga waxa la beeri karaa bilaha badankooda ama xitaa sanadka oo dhan. Celcelis ahaan wax-soo-saarka dalagga sannadlaha ah in ka badan 5 sano (2012-2016) qaybaha beerashada ee Saldhigga Tijaabada Jiuquan waxay ahaayeen 34 t ha-1 loogu talagalay muskmelon (melo qajaar L.), 66 t ha-1 qaraha (Citrullus lanatus L.), 102 t ha 1 basbaaska kulul (Capsicum sanadle, C. frutescens), 168 t ha 1 qajaar (Cucumis sativus L.), iyo 177 t ha 1 yaanyo (Solanum lycopersicum L.), kuwaas oo ah 10-27 jeer ka sarreeya kuwa nidaamyada furan ee dhaqameed ee hoos yimaada isla xaaladaha cimilada (Xie et al. 2017). Natiijooyin la mid ah ayaa lagu arkay meelo kale oo ku yaal waqooyiga Shiinaha, sida degmada Wuwei oo ku taal dhamaadka bari ee Shiinaha
Waddada Hexi Qiimaha wax-soo-saarkan waxaa lagu xisaabiyay dhulka ay degaan qaybaha beerashada, iyo sidoo kale meelaha la wadaago ee ay wadaagaan cutubyo gaar ah oo ku jira nidaamka xakamaynta. Meelaha la wadaago waxaa loogu talagalay gaadiidka agabka iyo suuqgeynta alaabta.
Waxtarka isticmaalka biyaha oo la hagaajiyay
Mid ka mid ah caqabadaha ugu waaweyn ee beeralayda ee dhulal badan oo oomane ah iyo kuwa aan badnayn waa biyo la'aan. Badbaadinta biyaha ama hagaajinta WUE (wax-soo-saarka dalagga halbeeg kasta oo biyo ah ayaa la keenay, oo lagu muujiyey kg ha-1 dhalid m-3 biyaha) wax-soo-saarka dalagga ayaa muhiim u ah jiritaanka beeraha. Nidaamyada wax-beerashada dhulka Gobi waxay bixiyaan faa'iidooyin biyo-badbaadin ah oo la taaban karo, halkaas oo dalagyadu ay isticmaalaan biyo aad uga yar kuwa la mid ah dalaggii lagu beeray hababka bannaan ee soo jireenka ah. Tusaale ahaan, in ka badan 4 sano (2012-2015) ee cabbiraadaha nidaamka tasiilaadka dhulka Gobi ee gobolka Jiuquan, yaanyada ayaa loo baahan yahay 385-466 mm wadarta waraabka, uumi-baxa xilliyeedku wuxuu u dhexeeyay 350 ilaa 428 mm, iyo miisaanka yaanyada cusub wuxuu u dhexeeyay 86 ilaa 152 t ha-1. Qaar ka mid ah dalagyada khudaarta waaweyn ayaa helay WUE sare (kg soosaarka cusub m-3), oo ay ku jiraan 15-21 biyo ah oo Muskmelon ah, 17-23 basbaaska kulul, 22-28 qaraha, 2835 qajaar, iyo 35-51 kg yaanyada. Nidaamkan, WUE ee yaanyada, tusaale ahaan, wuxuu ahaa 20-35 jeer ka weyn dalagyadii laga beeray dhulka la beeran karo, nidaamyada bannaanka (Xie et al. 2017).
Habka loo wanaajiyey WUE ee nidaamyada dhulka Gobi ayaa si liidata loo fahmay. Waxaan soo jeedineynaa in arrimaha ugu muhiimsan ee wax ku biirinaya ay ka mid yihiin kuwan soo socda: (a) Qadarka waraabka lagu dabaqo dalagyada nidaamka dhulka Gobi waxay ku saleysan tahay shuruudaha dhirta ee koritaanka ugu wanaagsan (Liang et al. 2014) kaas oo horay loo sii go'aamiyay laguna xakameynayo mitirka biyaha lagu rakibay (Sawir. 3a) Iyada oo ku xidhan hawlwadeenka unugga'Aqoonta iyo waayo-aragnimada, habka waraabka yaraanta la habeeyey ayaa inta badan la isticmaalaa (Jaantus. 3b) taas oo yaraynaysa xadiga waraabka ee marxaladaha koritaanka aan muhiimka ahayn (Chai et al. 2014b). Waraabka yaraanta khafiifka ah waxay kicin kartaa nidaamyada difaaca dhirta si kor loogu qaado dulqaadka walaaca abaarta (Romero iyo Martinez-Cutillas 2012; Wang et al. 2012). Baaxadda saamaynta waraabka yaraanta habaysan ee waxqabadka dalagga way ku kala duwan tahay noocyada dalagga iyo arrimo kale (Chen et al. 2013; Wang et al. 2010; (b) Farsamooyinka waraabka ee hababka wax-beerashada dhulka Gobi ayaa si joogto ah u soo hagaagaya, sida waraabka dhibicda dhulka hoose (Sawir. 3c) hadda waa habka ugu caansan ee waraabka; (c) Hababka mulching kala duwan ayaa loo isticmaalaa si loo yareeyo uumiga biyaha oogada ciidda. Meesha wax lagu beero gudaha qaybta beerashada waxaa badanaa lagu daboolaa filim caag ah inta lagu jiro xilliga koritaanka (Sawir. 3d), oo ay ku jiraan meelaha u dhexeeya safafka dhirta (Sawir. 3e). Yaraynta uumiga iyo korodhka qoyaanka hawada qaraabo ah ayaa u badan labada arrimood ee ugu muhiimsan isticmaalka biyaha hufan; (d) Boqolkiiba qaar ka mid ah biyaha uumi-baxsan ee ka soo baxay ciidda dusheeda ayaa dib loo warshadeeyay gudaha unugga beerashada sababtoo ah beerista waxay ku jirtaa nidaam aad u xiran; iyo (e) Hab-dhaqanka beeronomiga casriga ah ayaa loo isticmaalaa maaraynta dalagga qaybta beerashada (Sawir. 3f), sida laamaha manjooyinka si loo kordhiyo dhexgalka iftiinka (Du et al. 2016), wanaajinta hawo-qaadista si loo dheelitiro CO2 loogu talagalay photosynthesis dhirta iyo dhacdooyinka cudurrada (Yang et al. 2017), iyo hawada ka saaraysa aagga xididada waraabka ka dib dhowr maalmood si loo yareeyo uumiga ciidda (Li et al. 2016; kuwaas oo dhamaantood gacan ka geysta kordhinta wax soo saarka dalagga iyo kor u qaadida WUE.
Waxtarka isticmaalka nafaqeynta oo la hagaajiyay
Si ka duwan beerashada beerta furan ee caadiga ah halkaas oo bacriminta synthetic ay yihiin isha ugu weyn ee nafaqooyinka dhirta, walxaha organic-sida cawska dalagga, digada xoolaha iyo waxyaabaha ka soo baxa warshadaha cuntada, hababka wax soo saarka tamarta, iyo dib u warshadaynta qashinka bini'aadamka.-waa isha ugu weyn ee nafaqeynta ee nidaamka beerashada dhulka Gobi. Alaabta qashinka waxay ka dhigan tahay beddelka warbaahinta ganacsiga ee loo isticmaalo wax soo saarka aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee caadiga ah. Si aad ugu qalanto substrate-ka beerashada dhulka Gobi, alaabta organic waa inay lahaadaan sifooyinka soo socda (Fu et al. 2018; Fu iyo Liu 2016; Fu et al. 2017; Ling iyo al. 2015; Heesta iyo al. 2013): (i) cufnaanta bulk hoose, porosity sare, iyo awoodda biyaha-haysashada sare; (ii) awoodda is-dhaafsiga sare ee awoodda iyo nuxurka macdanta macdanta, iyo pH iyo EC ku habboon; (iii) dhaqdhaqaaqa ensaymka oo la xoojiyey, sida caadiga ah waxaa lagu dhammeeyaa iyadoo lagu darayo nuucyada noolaha ee saxda ah; (iv) heerka hoos u dhaca oo gaabis ah; iyo (v) ka xoroobin abuurka haramaha iyo cudur-sidaha carrada. Nooca maadada, habka farsamaynta, heerka burburka, iyo xaaladaha cimilada ee hoos yimaada substrates-ka ayaa laga yaabaa inay saameyn ku yeeshaan jirka, kiimikada, iyo bayoolojiga ee walxaha organic iyo, sidaas, tayada substrate (Fu et al. 2017; Heesta iyo al. 2013).
Soo saarida substrate-guri ee caadiga ah waxay ku lug leedahay dhowr tillaabo (Sawir. 4a): (i) Cawska dalagga (sida galleyda) waxaa laga soo ururiyaa hab-dhaqameedka wax-soo-saarka bannaan ee tuulooyinka, waxaana la geeyaa goob u dhow xarunta, oo la jarjaray 3.-5 cm oo xabbadood oo dheer, ka hor inta aan lagu darin qiyaasta hoose ee bacriminta nitrogen (1.4 kg N halkii 1000 kg ee cawska galleyda qalalan) si loo hagaajiyo saamiga C: N ee compost ilaa 15: 1; (ii) Qiyaastii 1 kg ee sheyga tallaalka noolaha 1000 kiilogaraam oo walxo organic ah ayaa lagu daraa; (iii) Marxaladda 1aad ee halsano waxa ku jira in cawska dhulka lagu dhufto (tusaale, 1.2m sare x 3.0m balac xagga hoose ah iyo 2.0m ballac xagga sare ah) ka hor inta aan lagu duubin filim caag ah; (iv) Heerkulka tuullada waa lala socdaa waxaana lagu daraa biyaha si loo ilaaliyo qoyaanka 60-65% ee dhaqdhaqaaqa microorganism-ka ugu wanaagsan; (v) Marxaladda labaad ee halsano waxay u baahan tahay qas 6 kasta8 maalmood iyo hubinta heerkulka sare ee 30 cm. Qalalaasahan xilliyeedka ahi wuxuu xaqiijiyaa in heerkulka iyo qoyaanka lagu hayo heerka ugu fiican ee dhaqdhaqaaqa microbial; iyo (vi) qiyaastii maalinta 32-34 ka dib halsano, walxaha waxaa loo raray meel lagu kaydiyo oo diyaar u ah in loo isticmaalo beerista xarunta. Substrate-ka guriga lagu sameeyo ayaa inta badan lagu dabaqaa 2-3 t ha 1 meelaha beerashada ee qaybta beerashada waxaana loo isticmaali karaa dhawr sano ka hor inta aan la bedelin. Nafaqada ku jirta substrate-ka waxa lagu soo celin karaa heer wax soo saar iyadoo lagu darayo nafaqooyinka dibadda laga keeno (Sawir. 4b) Walaxda cawska ah ee substrate-ka organic waa laga heli karaa gudaha, iyo inta badan tillaabooyinka wax soo saarka waxay isticmaalaan mashiinada lagu dhex dhisay guriga.
Sida nafaqooyinka substrate-ka loo siiyo dalagga ayaa ku kala duwan xarumaha kooxda. Inta badan beeralayda waqooyi-galbeed ee Shiinaha waxay adeegsadaan midkood (1) nidaamka godad, halkaasoo godad (sida caadiga ah 0.4)-0.6 m ballac, 0.2-0.3 m qoto dheer, oo leh 0.8-1.0 m inta u dhaxaysa godad ku jihaysan woqooyiga-jihada koonfureed) waxaa lagu sameeyaa dhulka gudaha qaybta beerashada, oo lagu daboolay shubka, alwaax ama leben, oo lagu buuxiyey substrate ka hor intaan la beerin (Sawir. 5a), oo lagu daboolay filim caag ah si ay geedo u koraan (Sawir. 5b) Marka la dhiso, godadka waxaa loo isticmaali karaa wax soo saar joogto ah in ka badan 20 sano; ama (2) Qaybaha shandad dhan, halkaasoo substrate lagu duuduubo bacaha gaarka ah (cabirka caadiga ah ee bacdu waa 0.5 mitir dhexroor iyo 1.0 mitir) oo ku yaal deegaan yar oo xiran. Nafaqooyinka ayaa laga sii daayaa bacaha marka ay dhirtu soo baxdo (Sawir. 5c) Godad ayaa laga sameeyay xagga sare ee bacaha si loogu beero abuur (Sawir. 5d) oo godadka ka soo tifqado waraabka.
Labada hab waxay ku kala duwan yihiin sifooyinkooda. Habka godadku wuxuu u ogolaanayaa beeralayda inay si fudud ugu daraan bacriminta substrates marka loo baahdo. Dalagyada qaarkood, sida qaraha, ku darida bacriminta aan organic ahayn ayaa lagama maarmaan u ah si loo hubiyo wax soo saarka sare. Daraasadaha qaar ayaa muujiyay in isticmaalka digada organic oo ay weheliso bacriminta aan organic ahayn ay kordhin karto wax soo saarka dalagga laakiin waxay ka tagtaa nafaqeynta nafaqeynta ee ciidda iyo uruurinta sare ee Nitrate-N ee ciidda sare (Gao et al. 2012). Daraasado kale ayaa muujiyay in habka shandad dhan uu ka waxtar badan yahay nidaamka trench (Yuan et al. 2013) sababtoo ah bacaha duuban waxay awood u siinayaan substrate in jir ahaan laga sooco dhulka; sidaas awgeed, yaraynta ixtimaalka wasakhaynta substrate-ka ee leh cudur-sidaha carrada ka dhasha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sifooyinka jidheed iyo kiimikaad ee substrate-ka (godadka ama bacaha duuban) way ka xumaan karaan xilli kasta oo dalagga (Song et al. 2013), taasoo hoos u dhigaysa tamarta nafaqeynta (Song etal. 2013). Sidaa darteed, cusboonaysiinta substrate waa la dammaanad qaaday.
Waxtarka isticmaalka tamarta oo kordhay
Nidaamyada wax-beerashada dhulka Gobi waxay gebi ahaanba ku salaysan yihiin tamarta cadceedda. Qaab dhismeedka waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu hayo diirimaadka ugu badan ee suurtogalka ah iyadoo la isticmaalayo oo lagu kaydinayo tamarta qorraxda. Muddada iftiinka qoraxda ee maalinlaha ah, xoogga shucaaca qorraxda, iyo maalmaha dhaxan-la'aanta sannadlaha ah ayaa muhiim u ah kuleylka unugyada beerashada. Waddada bari ilaa bartamaha Hexi, sida degmada Wuwei (37° 96' N, 102° 64' E), Gobolka Gansu, waa aag wakiil ah halkaasoo tas-hiilaadka Gobiland ay ku urursan yihiin. Celcelis ahaan 6150 MJ m 2 Shucaaca cadceedda sanadlaha ah iyo 156 maalmood oo aan dhaxan lahayn ayaa u suurtageliya noocyo badan oo dalagyo khudradeed ah inay ku bislaadaan si tayo sare leh. Si loo hagaajiyo waxtarka isticmaalka shucaaca qorraxda, maareeyayaasha unugga beerashada waxay adeegsadaan habab kala duwan si ay u kordhiyaan kaydinta kulaylka ayna u wanaajiyaan sii deynta kulaylka, sida laba-lakab ee filim caag madow ah oo ku dheggan darbiga woqooyiga (Xu et al. 2014), taarikada midabaynta kuleylka ee lagu rakibay saqafka (Sun et al. 2013), nidaamyada kuleylka ciidda gacmeed si loo kordhiyo heerkulka hawada gudaha (Xu et al. 2014), iyo geotextile dhulka ayaa lagu dabaqay sida daboolka dhulka si loo ilaaliyo kulaylka. Sidoo kale, matoorada kulaylka qoraxda ayaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu xakameeyo heerkulka biyaha ee haamaha kaydka kulaylka ee unugyada beerashada qaarkood (Zhou et al. 2016). Dhawaanahan, taarikada midabka ilaalinta kulaylka ayaa la dhigay dusha sare ee saqafka si loo kordhiyo nuugista kulaylka (Sun et al. 2013). Qaar ka mid ah aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee qoraxda ee casriga ah ee ku jira beerista xarunta, tignoolajiyada horumarsan ee qoraxda ayaa loo isticmaalaa si loo horumariyo kaydinta kulaylka, korantada sawir-qaadista, iyo isticmaalka iftiinka (Cuce et al. 2016). Isticmaalka tamarta qorraxda ee wax-soo-saarka dalagga aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo waxay horumar ka samaysay meelo/wadamo badan (Farjana et al. 2018), oo ay ku jiraan Australia, Japan (Cossu et al. 2017Israa'iil (Castello et al. 2017iyo Jarmalka (Schmidt et al. 2012), iyo sidoo kale wadamada soo koraya sida Nepal (Fuller iyo Zahnd 2012) iyo Hindiya (Tiwari et al. 2016). Dalka Shiinaha, rakibaadda qalabka casriga ah ee qoraxda waa qaali hadda, iyadoo lagu qiyaasay muddo dib u celin ah oo ah 9 sano (Wang et al. 2017). Waxaan qiyaasaynaa in marka nidaamka beerashada uu ku kobcayo tignoolajiyada qorraxda ee horumarsan, muddada dib-u-celinta ayaa soo gaabin doonta.
Heerkulka hawada gudaha iyo dibadda tas-hiilaadka kooxdu waxay u dhaxayn kartaa 20 ilaa 35 °C jiilaalka qabow ee waqooyiga Shiinaha. Tusaale ahaan, xarumaha qoraxda ee Lingyuan (41° 20' N, 119° 31' E) Gobolka Liaoning, ee waqooyi bari Shiinaha, oo dhererkiisu yahay 12-m, dhererkiisu yahay 5.5-m, dhererkiisu yahay 65-m aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo oo leh hababka kaydinta kulaylka, heerkulka hawadu wakhtiga habeenkii gudaha wuxuu gaadhay 13 °C halka bannaanka -25.8 °C, farqi ah 39 °C (Sunetal. 2013).
Isticmaalka tamarta cadceedda ee wax soo saarka cuntada ayaa ah sifo muhiim ah "Gobi beeraha" nidaamyada waqooyi-galbeed ee Shiinaha. Tani way ka duwan tahay aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ama dhalooyinka ee u baahan tamar dibadeed si loo beero dalagyada, taas oo noqon karta kharash dhaqaale iyo deegaan ahaanba (Hassanien et al. 2016; Canakci iyo al. 2013; Wang et al. 2017). Tusaale ahaan, celceliska isticmaalka tamarta korontada sanadlaha ah ee lagu koriyo ee caadiga ah wuxuu noqon karaa in ka badan 500 kW hmy (Hassanien et al. 2016), oo kharashkiisu gaadhayo USD $65,000150,000 sanadkii (ku jirta daraasad kiis Turkiga) (Canakci et al. 2013). Caalamkoo dhan, balaarinta wax-soo-saarka dalagga caadiga ah ee aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ayaa xaddiday sababtoo ah isticmaalka xoogga leh ee tamarta iyo welwelka laga qabo qiiqa kaarboonka.
Faa'iidooyinka deegaanka
Kuleylinta aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo oo leh shidaal fosil ah, sida dhuxusha, saliidda, iyo gaasta dabiiciga ah, waxay gacan ka geysataa qiiqa kaarboonka iyo isbedelka cimilada. Nidaamyada beerashada dhulka Gobi ee ku shaqeeya cadceeddu waxay bixiyaan faa'iidooyin deegaan oo la xoojiyay sababtoo ah (i) isticmaalka tamarta oo yaraatay, beerashada dalagyadu waxay gebi ahaanba ku tiirsan yihiin tamarta cadceedda, si ka duwan muraayadaha caadiga ah ee tamarta laga helo koronto ama gaas dabiici ah oo soo saara gaaska aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee weyn; (ii) Badbaadinta biyaha oo la wanaajiyay, maadaama beerashada dalagga ay ku hoos jiraan saqaf bac daboolan leh oo leh uumi yar oo carrada iyo saamiga sare ee neefsashada: uumiga. Waraabka waxaa kormeera oo maamula kombuyuutar dhexe oo awood u siinaya waraabinta saxda ah oo ay biyo la'aan ugu yar tahay; (iii) Dhimista gaaska aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee nidaamka oo dhan (Chai et al. 2012) ama raadraaca halbeeg kasta oo khudradda cusub ah ee ku salaysan qiimaynta meertada nolosha (Chai et al. 2014a). Dalagyada ka baxa xarumaha kooxuhu waxay leeyihiin wax-soo-saar aad u sarreeya unug kasta (sida bacriminta, aagga isticmaalka dhulka) oo leh CO ka badan2 loo beddelay biomass dhirta iyada oo loo marayo photosynthesis la xoojiyey marka loo eego hababka beerashada bannaanka (Chang et al. 2013; iyo (iv) isticmaalka substrates compost waxay kordhin kartaa kaarboonka ciidda waqti ka dib (Jaiarree et al. 2014; Chai iyo al. 2014a).
Daraasadaha xaaladaha qaarkood ayaa lagu qiyaasay net CO2 hagaajinta dhirta ee hababka beerashada balaastikada tamarta qoraxda sideed jeer ka badan hababka bannaan ee caadiga ah (Wang et al. 2011). Wax badan CO2 hagaajinta unugyada beerashada macnaheedu waa CO yar2 qiiqa hawada ku sii daaya (Wu et al. 2015). Baaxadda saameyntu waxay ku kala duwan tahay goobta juqraafiyeed iyo qaab dhismeedka unugyada beerashada (Chai et al. 2014c). Daraasaduhu waxay sidoo kale muujiyeen in beerashada xaruntu ay u oggolaanayso dhirta inay hagaajiyaan CO2 laga soo bilaabo jawiga iyadoo la sii daayo gaasaska aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo oo yar halkii kg ee badeecada (Chang et al. 2011). Ma jiro kuleyl dheeri ah oo la siinayo qaybaha beerashada, xitaa xilliga jiilaalka, taas oo badbaadinaysa qiyaastii 750 Mg ha-1 tamarta marka la barbar dhigo caadiga ah, wax soo saarka aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee dhuxusha (Gao et al. 2010). Beerista Gobiland waa nidaam kaarboon-smart ah oo lagu yareeyo qiiqa gaaska aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qiimaynta meertada nolosha ee beerista xarunta ayaa ka maqan suugaanta, waxaana loo baahan yahay cilmi baaris qoto dheer si loo qiimeeyo saameynta deegaanka ee hababka beerashada.
Faa'iidooyinka deegaanka
Waqooyi-galbeed ee Shiinaha waxay qani ku tahay iftiinka qoraxda iyo kheyraadka kulaylka leh qoraxda sanadlaha ah oo u dhexeysa 2800 ilaa 3300 sac. Horumarinta tamarta qoraxda ee isku dhafan ee hababka wax-beerashada dhulka Gobi waxay u rogi kartaa iftiinka iyo kheyraadka kulaylka wax-soo-saarka cuntada waxayna bixiyaan faa'iidooyin deegaan oo la taaban karo, kuwaas oo qaarkood lagu muujiyey hoos.
Ugu horrayn, dhulka Gobi waxa laga soo saaraa dalagyo tayo leh si loo helo badbaado cunto. Shiinaha, celceliska dhulka la beeran karo 100kii qof waa 8 ha (FAOSTAT 2014), oo aad uga yar 52 hektar ee Maraykanka, 125 ha ee Kanada, iyo 214 ha ee Australia. Khayraadka dalagyada ee Shiinaha ayaa si xawli ah hoos ugu dhacaya sababtoo ah magaalaynta degdega ah. Isagoo wajahaya dhul beereed xaddidan qofkiiba, oo ay weheliso dhul-beereedka loo isticmaalo dhismaha magaalooyinka, Shiinuhu wuxuu qaaday tallaabada muhiimka ah ee sahaminta dhulka badan ee Gobi ee beerashada dalagga (Jiang et al. 2014). Beeralayda dhaqameedku suurtogal maaha dhulka Gobi-ga ah ee lama-degaanka ah (Jaantus. 6a) Dhisida tas-hiilaadka beerashada ee dhulka Gobi waxa ay soo bandhigaysaa astaamo u gaar ah yaraynta iskahorimaadyada dhulka ee u dhexeeya beeraha iyo qaybaha kale ee dhaqaalaha (Jaantus. 6b) iyo ka caawinta sidii loo heli lahaa cunto dalka aadka loo deggan yahay.
Midda labaad, habka wax-soo-saarka ayaa inta badan isticmaala kheyraadka gudaha laga heli karo. Qayb kasta oo wax-beerasho ah oo ka mid ah nidaamka waxa lagu dhisay oo ay taageertaa fiimyo laga sameeyay alwaax, bamboo, ama ulo bir ah. Inta lagu jiro jiilaalka qabow, gogosha cawska ee gudaha laga sameeyay ama bustayaal dharka kulaylka leh ayaa lagu duubaa saqafka jilcan si dahaar dheeraad ah loogu sameeyo. Darbiyada waqooyi ee qaybaha wax-beerashada waxa sidoo kale la dhisay iyadoo la isticmaalayo agab gudaha laga heli karo, sida bir-samaysan iyo baloogyo caws ka samaysan (Sawir. 7a), bacaha ciidda (Sawir. 7b), dhagax-isku dhafka sibidhka (Sawir. 7c), ama leben caadi ah (Sawir. 7d)
Alaabooyinka gudaha laga heli karo waxay bixiyaan faa'iidooyin deegaan iyo dhaqaale oo la taaban karo sababtoo ah waxaa lagu heli karaa qiimo jaban ama waxaa lagu soo ururin karaa bilaash (tusaale, dhagxaan iyo dhagxaan meelaha saxaraha ah ee u dhow), oo leh shuruudaha gaadiidka ugu yar. Sidoo kale, qalabka lagu raro alaabta, samaynta substrates, iyo beerashada dalagyada ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah u noqday mid diyaar u ah beerista xarunta; Tani waxay gacan ka geysaneysaa xallinta shaqo yaraanta beeraha ee meelaha miyiga ah ee Shiinaha.
Seddexaad, nidaamkan wax-beereedkan ayaa bixiya fursado lagu wanaajinayo deegaanka deegaanka. Qayb weyn oo ka mid ah waqooyi-galbeed ee Shiinaha, dhulka Gobi ma laha wax dhir ah (Sawir. 6a) taasoo keentay bay'ad deegaan jilicsan. Nabaadguurka dabayshu waa wax caadi ah oo noqda mid aad u daran marka la eego isbeddelka cimilada. Duufaannada siigada ah ee soo noqnoqda waxay ka yimaadaan waqooyi-galbeed oo inta badan gaarsiiya gobollada kale ee Aasiya. Horumarinta nidaamyada tamarta qoraxda oo isku xiran ma aha oo kaliya inay awood u leedahay inay si isku mid ah uga jawaabto hoos u dhaca helitaanka dhul ku habboon Shiinaha, laakiin waxay door ka ciyaareysaa yareynta jilicsanaanta deegaanka ee lamadegaanka ilaa degaannada qallalan ee waqooyi-galbeed Shiinaha (Gao et al. 2010; Wang et al. 2017). Beddelka dhulka Gobi ee la dayacay oo loo beddelay dhul-beereed waxa laga yaabaa inay gacan ka geysato in la sameeyo hannaan deegaan oo cusub, kaas oo beddeli doona muuqaalkii hore ee dabiiciga ahaa oo qurxin doona deegaanka deegaanka.
Saamaynta xasiloonida bulshooyinka miyiga
Horumarka dhaqan-dhaqaale ee waqooyi-galbeed ee Shiinaha ayaa dib uga dhacay gobollada dhexe iyo bariga, iyadoo degmooyin badan oo bulshooyinku ay ka hooseeyaan heerka saboolnimada qaranka. Sahaminta dhul baaxad leh oo ka mid ah dhulka Gobi ee wax soo saarka khudradda iyo khudradda ayaa albaab u furaysa gobolkan si loo dardargeliyo horumarka dhaqan-dhaqaale. Waxay u beddeshaa khasaaraha saxaraha Gobi faa'iidooyin dhaqaale oo kala duwan, ma aha oo kaliya horumarinta warshadaha beeraha laakiin wadida warshadaha kale, taas oo gacan ka geysaneysa xasilinta bulshada reer miyiga ah. Nidaamkan beeralayda ah ee qiimaha jaban ayaa noqonaya mid muhiim u ah isu-ururinta bulshooyinka miyiga ah.
Habka wax-beerashada dhulka Gobi-land waxa uu kiciyaa wax-soo-saarka cuntada waxana uu kordhiyaa dakhliga qoyska. Meelaha heerkulku ka sarreeyo -28 °C xilliga qaboobaha, aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee ku shaqeeya qoraxda ayaa si buuxda u isticmaala tamarta qorraxda iyo dhulka aan la beeran karin si ay u soo saaraan miro iyo khudaar sanadka oo dhan. Dalagyada ku jira qaybaha beerashada ee la isku daray waxay soo saaraan in ka badan wax soo saarka beerta furan oo leh saamiga sare ee wax soo saarka iyo wax soo saarka. Waxaan ku falanqeynay wax-soo-saarka dhaqaalaha 14 daraasadood oo leh 120 unug tamar-tamareed oo tamareed ah (Xie et al. 2017) si loo helo celceliska dakhliga guud ee USD $56,650 ha 1 y 1, isagoo 10 jir ah-30 jeer ka sarreeya wax-soo-saarka bannaan ee isla goobta juqraafiga. Natiijo ahaan, faa'iidada saafiga ah ee beerashada khudaarta xarunta waxay ahayd 10-15 jeer ka weyn wax-soo-saarka khudradda bannaan iyo 70-125 jeer ka weyn galleyda bannaan (Zaka mays) ama sarreen (Triticum aestuum) wax soo saarka.
Samaynta hababkan cusub ee wax-beerashada waxay abuurtaa fursado shaqo miyiga. Beerista xarunta waxay u beddeshaa wakhtiga jiilaalka mid mashquul ah, xilli wax soo saar leh, kaas oo abuura fursado shaqo miyiga, gaar ahaan jiilaalka marka qoysaska beeralayda ay inta badan yihiin "guri-keli ah" shaqo la'aan. Wax-soo-saarka iyo suuq-geynta miraha iyo khudaarta ayaa ah kuwo xoog badan. Shaqaale badan oo reer miyi ah ayaa loo qoondayn karaa beerista xarunta (Jaantus. 8a), halka kuwa kalena loo qoondayn karo gaadiidka iyo suuq-geynta wax soo saarka bulshooyinka deegaanka ama kuwa u dhow (Jaantus. 8b) Tan ugu muhiimsan, habaynta, kaydinta, kaydinta, iyo iibinta dalagyada cusub waxa ay bixiyaan fursado shaqo oo mar maqan, kuwaas oo gacan ka geysta dhisidda bulsho wada noolaanshaha bulshada ah (Sawir. 8c) iyo isu soo bax ruuxa reer miyiga.
Ma jiraan warbixino la daabacay oo ku saabsan sida nidaamka beerashada isku dhafan uu u saameyn karo horumarinta bulshada miyiga. Waxaan soo jeedinaynaa in nidaamyadani ay caawiyaan jiritaanka iyo xasilloonida bulshooyinka miyiga ah. Samaynta hababka wax-beerashada dhulka Gobi waxay awood u siinaysaa beeralayda waqooyi-galbeed ee Shiinaha inay ku fidiyaan meel ka baxsan xadka wax-soo-saarka aasaasiga ah. Sidaa darteed, jiritaanka bulshada iyo xasilloonida mustaqbalka fog waa la xoojiyey sababtoo ah (i) Tignoolajiyada cusub ayaa si joogto ah loo horumariyaa si loo horumariyo beerashada dhulka Gobi, sida taranta dalagga, horumarinta substrate-ka, iyo tallaabooyinka xakamaynta cayayaanka, kuwaas oo noqday hab muhiim u ah bulshada reer miyiga ah si ay u horumariyaan hab waara; (ii) beerashada xaruntu waxay siisaa sahayda miraha iyo khudaarta darayga ah ee sanadka oo dhan bulshada, taasoo buuxinaysa shuruudaha korodhay ee muwaadiniinta heerka dhexe ee cunto nafaqo iyo caafimaad leh; iyo (iii) samaynta nidaamka cusub ee beerashada waxay gacan ka geysataa xoojinta wada jirka gudaha ee kooxaha qowmiyadaha tirada yar, maadaama muwaadiniinta kooxaha laga tirada badan yahay ay u baahan yihiin cuntooyin kala duwan oo leh astaamo u gaar ah, kuwaas oo ku qanacsan wax soo saarka cusub ee sanadka oo dhan ee hababka beerashada.
Caqabadaha waaweyn
Nidaamyada wax-beerashada dhulka Gobi ayaa si xawli ah ugu kobcayay Shiinaha sannadihii u dambeeyay iyada oo ay suurtagal tahay in la ballaariyo goobaha xarunta iyo heerarka wax soo saarka (Jiang et al. 2015). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, caqabadaha iyo caqabadaha qaarkood ayaa u baahan in la xalliyo.
Caqabadaha kheyraadka biyaha
Mid ka mid ah caqabadaha ugu waaweyn ee dhinaca beeraha ee waqooyi-galbeed ee Shiinaha waa biyo yaraan. Helitaanka biyaha saafiga ah ee sannadlaha ah waa hooseeyaa <760 m3 qofkiiba y 1 (Chai et al. 2014b). Waddada Hexi ee Gobolka Gansu, roobka sannadlaha ahi waa <160 mm halka uumi-baxa sannadlaha ahi yahay> 1500 mm (Deng et al. 2006). Dhul-beereed badan oo mar wax soo saara oo ku teedsan Waddada xariirta ayaa ahaa "joojiyay" sannadihii u dambeeyay biyo la’aan awgeed. Inta badan beerashada dalagga bannaan waxay isticmaashaa hab-dhaqameed "daadid" waraabka ka badan 10,000 m3 ha-1 xilli kasta oo dalagga (Chai et al. 2016). Ka faa'iidaysiga xad-dhaafka ah ee ilaha biyaha waxay u badan tahay inay sii xumaanayso deegaanka deegaanka oo ay baabi'iso ilaha aan la cusboonaysiin karin ee biyaha dhulka hoostiisa ah (Martinez-Fernandez iyo Esteve 2005). Wax-soo-saarka khudaarta ayaa u baahan xaddi badan oo biyo ah muddada dheer ee koritaanka, roobkuna ma dabooli karo baahida koritaanka dhirta ugu wanaagsan. Waddada Hexi ee Gobolka Gansu, halkaasoo nidaamyada beerashada xarumaha ay si xawli ah u kordheen sannadihii u dambeeyay, isha ugu weyn ee dhammaan qaybaha kala duwan ee biyaha waxay ka timid barafka buuran ee Buurta Qilian xilliga jiilaalka, iyadoo baraf xagaaga uu quudiyo webiyada iyo biyaha dhulka hoostiisa ah. dooxooyinka (Chai et al. 2014b). Labaatankii sano ee la soo dhaafay, heerka barafka la qiyaasi karo ee buurta Qilian ayaa kor u kacay 0.2 ilaa 1.0m sanadkii (Che iyo Li) 2005), halka miiska biyaha dhulka hoostiisa ee dooxooyinka (biyaha laga keeno buuraha) uu si joogto ah u dhacay, iyo helitaanka biyaha dhulka hoostiisa ayaa aad hoos u dhacay (Zhang 2007). Sidaa darteed, qaar ka mid ah dabaylaha dabiiciga ah ee ku teedsan Waddadii hore ee Xariirta ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah u lumaya. Qodista qaar ka mid ah maqaasyada biyaha ayaa loo isticmaalay in lagu badbaadiyo roobka si loo helo biyo kaab ah, laakiin waxtarka guud ahaan waa mid hooseeya. Sida loo badbaadiyo biyaha ama kor loogu qaado WUE wax soo saarka dalagga ayaa muhiim u ah jiritaanka muddada fog ee hababka wax-beerashada dhulka Gobi.
Deegaannada deegaanka ee jilicsan
Waqooyi-galbeed ee Shiinaha, deeqda dhulku waa sabool. Buuraha iyo dooxooyinka, oo ay weheliyaan oases iyo dhulka Gobi, waxay sameeyaan jawi deegaan oo adag. Abaarta soo noqnoqda iyo duufaannada siigada ayaa sii xumaanaya deegaanka deegaanka. Qiyaastii 88% ee wadarta guud ee wadada Gansu Hexi Corridor ayaa la soo deristay xaaluf, iyo xariiqda nabaadguurku waxa ay u sii socotaa dhanka koonfureed una socota dhul-beereed. Xaaladaha dabiiciga ah ee gobolka waqooyi-galbeed ee Shiinaha ayaa lagu tilmaamay "Dabayshu meel walba dhagax ka dhacaysa oo caws aan meelna ka bixin," muuqaalka deegaanka bay'ada jilicsan. Isticmaalka culus ee sunta cayayaanka lagu beero xarunta ayaa khatar deegaan iyo khatar caafimaad ku ah shaqaalaha. Maqnaanshaha daawayn ku haboon oo dib loo warshadeeyay ayaa laga yaabaa in ay wasakhayso ilaha biyaha dhulka hoostiisa ku jira, taas oo walaac u keenta dadweynaha guud.
Caqabadaha ilaha shaqada
Awoodda shaqada ee beeraha guud ahaan waa mid yar oo aan ku filneyn, maadaama ay aad u badan tahay shaqaale dhalinyaro ah oo u guura magaalooyinka si ay u helaan nolol maalmeedka, taas oo horseedaysa yaraanta ilaha shaqaalaha beeraha ee miyiga. Siyaasadaha dawladda ee hadda jira ee lagu dhiirigelinayo rabitaanka beeralayda ee beerashada dhul-beereedka maaha kuwo u wanaagsan horumarinta bulshada reer miyiga ah, taas oo uga sii daraysa shaqo yaraanta miyiga. Sidoo kale, beerta qoyska oo ah qayb madax-bannaan oo beero ayaa weli ah habka ugu muhiimsan ee maamulka beeraha, iyo siyaasadaha dawladda ee hadda jira ee lahaanshaha dhulka ayaa laga yaabaa inay ka mamnuucaan beeralayda inay iibsadaan iyo iibinta dhulka, taas oo xaddidi karta horumarinta ballaaran ee hababka wax-beerashada xarumaha. Intaa waxaa dheer, heerarka waxbarasho ee waqooyi-galbeed ayaa guud ahaan ka hooseeya gobollada dhexe iyo kuwa bari. Dowladda dhexe ayaa dalka oo dhan ka hirgelisay siyaasado ku saabsan waxbarashada qasabka ah, balse dad badan oo ku nool waqooyi galbeed ayaan awoodin in ay dhameystaan waxbarashada 9 sano. Dhammaan arrimahan kor ku xusan waxay abuuri karaan jawi aan wanaagsanayn oo loogu talagalay saadka shaqaalaha miyiga, taas oo caqabad ku noqon karta horumarinta ballaaran ee nidaamyada dhulka Gobi.
Joogteynta dhaqaalaha
Horumarka heerka nolosha, macaamiishu waxay dalbanayaan noocyo kala duwan oo soosaar cusub oo tayo sare leh iyo qiime nafaqo leh. Waxaa jira dad tiro yar oo tiro badan (gaar ahaan leh aqoonsiga Hui iyo Dongxiang) ee waqooyi-galbeed oo leh caado cunto oo u badan khudaar, taas oo u baahan alaabooyin kala duwan si ay u daboolaan baahidooda. Tani waxay u abuurtaa fursado suuqyo cusub oo leh badeecooyin cusub. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, suuqa wax soo saarka cusub ee ay bixiso nidaamka beerashada dhulka Gobi ayaa si fudud u noqon kara mid buuxsama sababtoo ah dadka ku nool lixda gobol ee waqooyi-galbeed waxay ka yihiin 6.6% kaliya ee dalka.'wadarta guud, oo leh dakhli la tuuri karo oo aad u hooseeya qofkiiba. Sannadkii 2012, GDP-ga qofkiiba lixda gobol ee waqooyi-galbeed wuxuu celcelis ahaan gaaray 26,733 Yuan (oo u dhiganta USD $4100), taasoo 31% ka hooseysa dalka.'celcelis ahaan. Dakhliga hooseeya ee macaamiishu yar yihiin ayaa laga yaabaa inay xaddidaan horumarinta suuqyada cusub ee aagagga maxalliga ah waxayna wataan khataro la taaban karo oo dhaqaale waara mustaqbalka fog. Daraasado ayaa loo baahan yahay si loo baaro sida nidaamkani u noqon karo mid waara, iyo waxa la samayn karo si loo hubiyo sii jiritaankiisa dhaqaale ee muddada dheer. Waxa aanu garwaaqsanay in ay jirto awood balaadhan oo lagu suuq gayn karo wax soo saarka cusub ee gobolada dhexe iyo bari ee dalka. Waxaan soo jeedineynaa in mudnaanta ballaarinta suuqa ay diiradda saaraan: (i) sameynta waxa loogu yeero "silsilad masduulaagii" saadka suuq-geynta ee isku xira "beerashada-jumloleyda-tafaariiqleyaal-macaamiisha" silsilad qiimo leh; (ii) hagaajinta hababka gaadiidka u dhexeeya gobollada gaar ahaan dhaqdhaqaaqa wax soo saarka beeraha; iyo (iii) horumarinta habab lagu xakameynayo tayada, caymiska badbaadada, iyo qiimaha cadaaladda ah.
Tayada alaabta iyo caafimaadka
Isku-ururinta biraha culus ayaa ka sarreeya carrada xarumaha qaarkood marka loo eego meelaha bannaan. Wax-soo-saarka xarunta mararka qaarkood waxa ku jira qiyaaso khatar ah oo la beegsanayo oo biraha culculus marka loo eego khudaarta bannaan ee bannaan (Chen et al. 2016), qayb ahaan sababtoo ah qashinka bini'aadamka iyo walxaha kale ee qashinka ayaa lagu daray substrates. Xarumaha qaarkood, bacrimiyeyaasha synthetic ee xad dhaafka ah oo gaaraya 670 kg N ha 1, oo ay la socdaan 1230 kg N ha 1 laga bilaabo walxaha dabiiciga ah sida digada, waxaa loo isticmaalaa sanad walba wax soo saarka khudradda (Gao et al. 2012). Intaa waxaa dheer, filimka balaastigga ah ee loo isticmaalo saqafka iyo daboolka dhulka ee qaybaha beerashada ayaa inta badan lala xiriiriyaa esters of phthalic acids kuwaas oo lagu daro inta lagu jiro soo saarista filimada caagga ah. Waxaa laga yaabaa inay jiraan khataro caafimaad oo mustaqbalka fog ah kuwa beeraleyda ah ee la kulmay wasakhowga (Ma et al. 2015; Wang et al. 2015; Zhang et al. 2015). Heerarka phthalates ee carrada Shiinaha guud ahaan waxay ku sugan yihiin dhammaadka ugu sarreeya ee kala duwanaanta caalamiga ah (Lu et al. 2018), iyo dalagyada tas-hiilaadka balaastigga ah waxaa ku jiri kara heerar sare oo phthalates ah (Chen et al. 2016; Ma et al. 2015; Zhang et al. 2015). Soo-gaadhista shaqaalaha ee phthalates ayaa laga yaabaa inay sido khataro caafimaad (Lu et al. 2018). Cilmi baaris ayaa loo baahan yahay si loo horumariyo habab wax ku ool ah si loo yareeyo uruurinta phthalate ee wax soo saarka. Khatarta raadadka cadadka phthalates ee caafimaadka bini'aadamka ma aha mid yar ama mid yar laakiin waxay u baahan tahay in la xaqiijiyo. Heerarka bilowga ee uruurinta biraha culus waxay u baahan yihiin in lagu qeexo badeecadaha dhamaadka. Qaar ka mid ah hababka bioremediation-ga casriga ah ayaa laga yaabaa inay u baahdaan in loo sameeyo hagaajinta ciidda ee wasakhowga birta sare si loo yareeyo saameynta xoogga saarista biraha culus ee suurtagalka ah.
Dejinta siyaasadaha horumarinta waara ee nidaamyada dhulka Gobi
Nidaamyada wax-beerashada xarumaha isku dhafan ayaa si xawli ah uga socday waqooyi-galbeed Shiinaha. Bishii Juun 2017, ilaa 3000 hektar oo dhulka Gobi ah ayaa ku hoos jiray beerashada tas-hiilaadka ee Gobolka Gansu oo keliya. Goobtani waxay leedahay faa'iidooyin juquraafi ahaan khudaarta wax soo saarka, oo ay ku jiraan saacadaha qoraxda dheer, kala duwanaanshiyaha heerkulka weyn ee u dhexeeya habeen iyo maalin, iyo cir cad oo aan wasakhayn hawo yar/aan lahayn. Nidaamyada wax-beerista xarunta waxaa loo tixgeliyaa a "Gobi land mucjiso" loogu talagalay Shiinaha'horumarka dhaqan-dhaqaale. Waxaan kugula talineynaa mudnaanta dejinta siyaasadda soo socota si loo xaqiijiyo horumarka caafimaadka leh ee nidaamka leh xasilloonida muddada-dheer.
Isku dheelitirnaanta u dhexeeya sahaminta iyo ilaalinta
Waxaan soo jeedinaynaa in la sameeyo siyaasado diiradda saaraya "ilaalinta deegaanka deegaanka iyadoo la baarayo dhulka cusub ee la helay," taasoo la micno ah in horumarinta hababka beerashada dhulka Gobi waa in aanay yeelan saamayn xun deegaanka. Siyaasaddu waa inay faahfaahin ka bixiso sidii loo xoojin lahaa wax soo saarka nidaamka iyadoo kor loo qaadayo sii jirista deegaanka. Qiimaynta deegaanka, "caymiska cagaaran," iyo "iibsiga cagaaran" waa in la tixgeliyo oo lagu daraa qiimeynta joogteynta nidaamka. Waxa kale oo loo baahan yahay siyaasadaha isticmaalka bacriminta kiimikada, biraha culus iyo walxaha waxyeelada leh, sunta cayayaanka ee haraaga badan, iyo dib u warshadaynta aflaanta, iyo kuwo kale. Qaar ka mid ah siyaasado gaar ah waa in la dejiyaa si loo beegsado arrimaha muhiimka ah ee maxalliga ah. Tusaale ahaan, tas-hiilaadka biyaha lagu kaydiyo waa in la dhisaa iyada oo la socota qaybaha beerashada ee ku yaala galbeedka darafka Hexi Corridor halkaas oo gaadiidka biyaha ee kanaalka furan ee hadda la heli karo si loogu waraabiyo qaybaha beerashada ay xambaarsan tahay khataro la taaban karo oo biyo ah inta lagu jiro gaadiidka iyo waraabka.
Samee tallaabooyin habaysan oo isticmaalka biyaha iyo badbaadinta biyaha
Si aad si buuxda uga faa'iidaysato dhulka Gobi ee faraha badan ee ku yaal waqooyi-galbeed ee Shiinaha, waa in la dejiyaa siyaasad adag oo la taaban karo oo isticmaalka biyaha ah. Mudnaanta dhow waxaa ka mid ah: (i) sharciyada ilaalinta kheyraadka biyaha ee "cabbirka biyaha,""xakamaynta qodista biyaha," iyo "durdurrada iyo maamulka ilo" oo leh xeerar faahfaahsan oo ku saabsan xuquuqda biyaha, kootada, kharashyada, iyo ilaalinta tayada; (ii) Dhisidda tas-hiilaadka biyaha ururinta iyo kaydinta biyaha roobka iyadoo la isticmaalayo tignoolajiyada kaydinta maqaasiinka, isticmaalka wanagsan ee kheyraadka biyaha oogada, sahaminta qorshaysan ee biyaha dhulka hoostiisa, iyo hirgelinta nidaamka ogolaanshaha qaadashada biyaha; (iii) Xoojinta mas'uuliyadda ka saaran hay'adaha maamulka ee heer kasta oo ay yihiin si loo xakameeyo qaybinta biyaha, baabi'inta qashinka biyaha, iyo horumarinta isticmaalka macquulka ah ee kheyraadka biyaha; (iv) horumarinta hababka beeraha ee bad-baadinta biyaha, oo ay ku jiraan ka guurista daadadka ama waraabka jeexjeexa una guuritaan waraabka dhulka hoostiisa ah, isticmaalka mulches si loo yareeyo uumiga, iyo hagaajinta hababka kanaalka waraabka beerta; iyo (v) mustaqbalka fog, kor u qaadida taranta beeralayda abaarta u adkeysata, dib u habaynta nidaamka beeraha, iyo hagaajinta kaabayaasha dhismaha xarunta.
Xoojinta hal-abuurnimada agro-technology
Tignoolajiyadu waxay door muhiim ah ka ciyaartaa horumarinta joogtada ah ee hababka wax-beerashada dhulka Gobi; Sidan oo kale, siyaasadda tignoolajiyada waa in ay dabooshaa: (i) Dhismaha xarumaha hal-abuurka ee gobollada iyo xarumaha imtixaannada, samaynta "maalgelinta la beegsanayo" gaar u ah hababka wax-beerashada dhulka Gobi si wax looga qabto arrimaha degdegga ah, iyo kordhinta maalgashiga cilmi-baarista/muujinta iyo farsamooyinka farsamada; (ii) horumarinta hababka fidinta tignoolajiyada-halkaas oo siyaasadaha dawladdu kor u qaadaan hay'adaha cilmi-baarista ee heer kasta si ay u fuliyaan faafinta tignoolajiyada-iyo samaynta xafiisyada tignoolajiyada maxalliga ah si ay u fuliyaan adeegyada farsamada ee miyiga; (iii) Qaadista tillaabooyinka lagu soo jiidanayo laguna haayo shaqaalaha si ay uga shaqeeyaan gobolka waqooyi-galbeed ee horumarsan; (iv) Kordhinta heerarka waxbarashada beeralayda ee ka baxsan 9 sano ee qasabka ah, horumarinta aqoonta tignoolajiyada ee dadka reer miyiga ah iyada oo loo marayo tababar xirfadeed, iyo kobcinta jiil cusub oo beeralay ah si loo hirgeliyo tignoolajiyada cusub ee beeraha; iyo (v) horumarinta barnaamijyada tababbarka gaarka ah ee jaamacadaha iyo machadyada cilmi-baarista ee shaqaalaha tignoolajiyada beeraha si kor loogu qaado tignoolajiyada horumarsan.
Habbee silsiladda cuntada
Qadarka miraha iyo khudaarta darayga ah ee laga soo saaro tas-hiilaadka la ururiyey ayaa caadi ahaan ka badan kuwa ay u baahan yihiin bulshooyinka miyiga iyo magaalooyinka dhow ee deegaanka iyo kuwa dhow. Gaadiidka cusub ee suuqyada kale ee gudaha iyo dibadda ee wakhtiga ku habboon waxa ay hubin doontaa in wax-soo-saarka iyo suuqgeyntu isku dheeli tiran yihiin. Siyaasado ayaa loo baahan yahay si loo fududeeyo hababka suuq-geynta iyo saadka. Cultivars waa in la soo saaro si ay u daboolaan baahida suuqyo kala duwan oo daboolaya noocyo kala duwan oo badeecooyin iyo dhadhan ah oo ku habboon qowmiyadaha iyo diinta kala duwan. Siyaasaddu waa inay taageertaa suuqyada jumlada ah, dukaamada tafaariiqda, saadka silsiladda qabow, iyo nidaamyada ilaalinta macluumaadka. Waxa laga yaabaa in loo baahdo siyaasad nidaamka gaadiidka, oo ay ku jiraan dhismaha jidadka tareenada ee u socda badhtamaha iyo bariga Shiinaha, iyo sidoo kale marin u helka marinnada dhulka ee Ruushka, Mongolia bannaanka, Galbeedka Aasiya, iyo Yurub.
Beeraley xirfadlayaal beeraley
Beeralayda ayaa ah kuwa ugu muhiimsan horumarka dhaqan-dhaqaale ee miyiga, balse dhalinyaro badan oo beeraley ah ayaa u guuray magaalooyinka si ay dakhli kale uga helaan, taas oo ka dhigtay dhul-beereedka wax-soo-saarka sannado badan oo aan lahayn wax-soo-saar yar ama aan lahayn meelaha qaarkood (Seeberg iyo Luo). 2018; Haa 2018). Waxa loo baahan yahay siyaasad taageerta kordhinta dakhliga beeraha ee ka soo gala wax soo saarka cuntada si loogu dhiirigaliyo da'yarta beeralayda ah in ay sii joogaan beeraha, taas oo ugu dambeyntii hagaajin doonta xasiloonida dhaqan-dhaqaale ee bulshooyinka miyiga ah. Qodob muhiim ah oo ka mid ah siyaasadda waa in la beero beeraley cusub oo leh shahaadooyin la wanaajiyey iyo xirfadaha maaraynta, caawinta ka guurista suurtagalka ah ee ka soo guurista dhaqameed, isku filnaansho, beero qoys oo yaryar oo loo maro ganacsiyo waaweyn oo beeraley ah - hab lagu horumarinayo beeraha casriga ah ee Shiinaha. Siyaasadda dhulka ee hadda jirta ayaa laga yaabaa inay u baahato in dib loo cusboonaysiiyo, taasoo u oggolaanaysa kuwa xirfadleyda ah, beeralayda xirfadleyda ah inay ballaariyaan beerahooda oo ay wanaajiyaan daryeelka beeraha, halka ay ku habboon tahay.
Samee nidaam adeeg bulsho oo hufan
Bulshooyinka reer miyiga ah ee ku nool waqooyi-galbeed ayaa taariikh ahaan horumarkoodu hooseeyo marka la barbar dhigo bartamaha iyo bariga Shiinaha. Waxaa loo baahan yahay siyaasado lagu dhisayo nidaamyo adeeg bulsho oo wax ku ool ah kuwaas oo diiradda saaraya horumarinta waxbarashada, caafimaadka iyo shaqada, iyo kor u qaadista heerka guud ee nolosha. Beeruhu waa ganacsiga asaasiga ah ee bulshooyinka miyiga ah. Waxaa loo baahan yahay siyaasado lagu dhiirigelinayo horumarinta iskaashatooyinka beeralayda ee baaxadda weyn si ay si hufan uga faa’iidaystaan kheyraadka dhulka iyo biyaha oo dakhligoodu kordhayo ee qoysaska beeralayda. Nidaamka wax-beereedka Gobi-land, waxa loo baahan yahay siyaasad lagu wanaajinayo waxtarka wax-soo-saarka dalagga, habaynta cuntada, iyo qaybinta wax-soo-saarka bulshooyinka deegaanka iyo kuwa u dhow. Qaabaynta/qaybinta la hagaajiyay ee tas-hiilaadka wax-beerashada ee gobollada kala duwan ee deegaanka ayaa loo baahan yahay si loo qanciyo baahiyaha kala duwan ee macaamiisha ee khudaarta cusub ee heer gobol/deegaan iyo in la sahamiyo fursadaha heer caalami. Siyaasad ayaa sidoo kale loo baahan yahay si loo hubiyo badbaadada iyo tayada wax soo saarka ee nidaamka xarunta ee faahfaahinaya kaydinta, gaadiidka, iyo wareegga wax soo saarka cusub xilli ka baxsan si loo yareeyo khatarta ah in ay lumiyaan cusub iyo tayada.
Gabagabada
Khayraadka dhulku waxa ay udub dhexaad u yihiin beeraha waxana ay si hoose ugu xidhan yihiin caqabadaha caalamiga ah ee sugnaanshaha cuntada iyo hab-nololeedka malaayiin qof oo reer miyi ah. Dadka adduunka ayaa la saadaalinayaa in ay gaaraan 9.1 bilyan marka la gaaro 2050-ka, wax soo saarka cunnada ee dalalka soo korayana waxa ay u baahan yihiin in ay laba jibaaraan heerka 2015-ka. Khayraadka dhulku waxa uu culays weyn ku hayaa wadamada soo koraya taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay magaalaynta xawliga ah ee ku tartamaysa dhul la heli karo iyo beero. Shiinuhu waxa uu dhulka Gobi ka sameeyay habab cusub oo wax-beereedka dalagga, kuwaas oo kala ah "Beeraha Gobi," Kaas oo ka kooban kooxo badan (ilaa boqollaal) unug beerasho gaar ah oo laga sameeyey agab gudaha laga heli karo oo ku shaqeeya tamarta cadceedda. Saqafyada balaastiigga ah, cutubyada beerashada aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo oo kale waxay soo saaraan miro iyo khudaar cusub oo tayo sare leh sanadka oo dhan. Waxaan ku qiyaaseynaa in nidaamyadani ay dabooli doonaan ilaa 2.2 milyan hektar marka la gaaro 2020, oo noqon doona tiirarka wax soo saarka cuntada ee Shiinaha'taariikhda beeraha. Dib-u-eegisgan, waxaanu ku aqoonsannay qaar ka mid ah sifooyinka gaarka ah ee hababka beerashada, oo ay ku jiraan korodhka wax soo saarka dhulka cutubkii wax-soo-saarka, WUE oo la hagaajiyay, iyo faa'iidooyinka deegaanka iyo deegaanka oo la xoojiyay. Nidaamkan beerashada waxa uu bixiyaa fursado aad u wanaagsan oo lagu sahaminayo kheyraadka gudaha laga heli karo si loo tayeeyo dadka reer miyiga ah loona hubiyo jiritaanka mustaqbalka fog ee bulshooyinka miyiga. Nidaamkan ayaa sidoo kale wajahaya caqabado waaweyn oo u baahan in wax laga qabto.
Waxaan aqoonsanay qaar ka mid ah arrimaha muhiimka ah iyo meelaha mudnaanta u leh cilmi-baarista ee muddada dhow (3-5 sano) taas oo gacan ka geysan doonta kor u qaadista joogtaynta nidaamkan beerashada gaarka ah. Waxaan si adag u soo jeedinaynaa in siyaasadaha dawladeed ee khuseeya iyo nidaamka adeegga bulshada ee miyiga la horumariyo si loo xaqiijiyo faa'iidada dhaqaale iyo sii jirista deegaanka ee nidaamka beerashada Gobi-dhulka.
Mahadnaq Qorayaashu waxay jecel yihiin inay u mahadceliyaan dhammaan intii ku tabarucday waqtigooda iyo dadaalkooda si ay uga qaybqaataan cilmi-baaristan, iyo shaqaalaha Xarunta Adeegga Farsamada Khudaarta ee Degmada Suzhou, Jiuquan, iyo Adeegyada Fidinta Beeraha ee Wuwei, Wuwei, Gansu, si ay u bixiyaan xoogaa xog ah. iyo sawiro lagu soo bandhigay maqaalka.
Maalgelinta Daraasadan waxaa si wadajir ah u maalgeliyay "Sanduuqa Gaarka ah ee Gobolka ee Cilmi-baarista Agro-Sayniska ee Danta Dadweynaha (lambarka deeqda 201203001),""Nidaamyada Cilmi-baarista Beeraha Shiinaha (lambarka deeqda CARS-23-C-07),""Sanduuqa Mashruuca Furaha Sayniska iyo Tignoolajiyada Gobolka Gansu (lambarka deeqda 17ZD2NA015)," iyo "Sanduuqa Gaarka ah ee Sayniska & Farsamada Hal-abuurka iyo Horumarinta ee uu hagayo Gobolka Gansu (lambarka deeqda 2018ZX-02)."
U hoggaansanaanta heerarka anshaxa
Isku dhaca xiisaha Qorayaashu waxay caddeeyeen inaanay jirin khilaaf xiiso leh.
Furan Furan Maqaalkan waxa lagu qaybiyay shuruudaha Shatiga Caalamiga ah ee Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), kaas oo ogolaanaya isticmaalka aan xadidnayn, qaybinta, iyo taranka meel kasta, waa haddii aad siiso credit ku habboon Qoraaga asalka ah iyo isha, waxaad siisaa isku xirka shatiga Creative Commons, oo muuji haddii isbedel la sameeyay.
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